Bioactive by-products

Clotrimazole is a synthetic, antifungal and broad-spectrum derivate of imidazole. It is an antifungal medication commonly used in the treatment of fungal infections.

Sulfadoxine is an ultra-long-lasting sulfonamide with an IC50 of 249 μg/ml for P. vivax. Sulfadoxine is an ultra-long-lasting sulfonamide previously used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat or prevent malaria. Due to high levels of resistance, its use is no longer recommended routinely.

Povidone-iodine can be used as a topical preservative. It has activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses and yeast.

Fosfomycin calcium is the calcium salt form of Fosfomycin, produced by Streptomyces. Fosfomycin is an antibiotic that is primarily used to treat bladder infections. Fosfomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall biogenesis by inactivating the enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-3-enolpyruvyltransferase, also known as MurA.

Flubendazole is an anthelmintic agent for MDAY-D2 cells with IC50 of 3 nM. Its brand name is Flutelmium which is a paste manufactured by Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. used by veterinarians for protection against internal parasites and worms in dogs and cats. Other brand names are Flubenol, Biovermin, and Flumoxal.

Nicarbazine is used as a preventive anticoccidial drug in chicken feed. It can reduce the egg hatching rate of urban bird pest species.

Flurbiprofen is a member of the phenylalkanoic acid derivative family of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used to treat the inflammation and pain of arthritis.

Ridaforolimus is a small molecule and non-prodrug analogue of the lipophilic macrolide antibiotic rapamycin with potential antitumor activity. Ridaforolimus binds to and inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which may result in cell cycle arrest and, consequently, the inhibition of tumor cell growth and proliferation. Upregulated in some tumors, mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase involved in regulating cellular proliferation, motility, and survival that is located downstream of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Avermectin B1b is the minor component of the commercially available anthelmintic marketed as Abamectin. It is used broadly against nematodes, ticks, flies, and ants.

Pirarubicin Hydrochloride is an analogue of the anthracycline anti-neoplastic doxorubicin, which is an inhibitor of Topo II. It intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting replication and repair of DNA and RNA, and protein synthesis. It is less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin and exhibits activity against some doxorubicin-resistant cell lines.

Germacrone is isolated from the rhizoma of Curcuma wenyujin. It has anti-tumor activity. Germacrone is a natural antiviral agent against porcine parvovirus (PPV).

Chicoric acid is an antiviral substance.

LL-37 amide, an antimicrobial peptide, has angiogenic activity.

Cecropin B is an antibacterial peptide originally isolated from insects. It has broad-spectrum antiparasitic and antibacterial activities and is also effective against fungi.

PGLa is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) composed of 21 amino acids which form an alpha-helical secondary structure. It has a wide variety of antimicrobial activity including activity against fungi, viruses, gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and cancer cells.

Niphimycin is an antimicrobial metabolized from Streptomyces.

Milbemycin A3 oxime is a semi-synthetic macrocyclic lactone prepared by the oxidation and oximation of a mixture of milbemycin A3. Milbemycin A3 oxime is the minor component of the anti-parasitic product milbemycin oxime.

Milbemycin A4 oxime is a semi-synthetic macrocyclic lactone prepared by the oxidation and oximation of a mixture of milbemycin A4. Milbemycin A4 oxime is the major component (70%) in the commercial product, milbemycin oxime.

It is one of many bioactive prenylflavonoids that can be isolated from the hops plant or humulus lupulus L. It has apparent chemotherapeutic prevention activity. It has also shown notable antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activity.

It is the first cecropin family to be isolated from a mammal rather than an insect. It has antiviral and broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. It also has antifungal activity, and has cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines.