Bioactive by-products

Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Trp) is a diketopiperazine metabolite originally isolated from Penicillium. It is active against various bacteria and fungi, and it also inhibits the production rate of hydroxy radicals in an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy-based assay (IC50 = 1.8 µM).

4-Hydroxyalternariol 9-methyl ether is produced from fermentation of Alternaria sp. Samif01. It displays promising antioxidant effect. It shows antibacterial activity against several tested bacterial pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentration values in the range of 86.7-364.7 uM.

Altechromone A is produced from Alternaria brassicicola ML-P08. Altechromone A shows antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Candida albicans with the MICs of 3.9, 3.9, 1.8, and 3.9 ug/ml, respectively.

Neogrifolin is a natural compound isolated from the edible bodies of the mushroom Albatrellus confluens, and it shows antimicrobial activities against Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis.

Isoaltenuene is isolated from the solid cultures of the fungus Colletotrichum sp, and it shows antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria and exhibits cytotoxic activity against sevral cancer cells.

Petromurin C is a metabolite isolated as a component of bis-indolyl benzenoid complex from Aspergillus muricatus. It exhibits antitumor activity.

Asterriquinol D dimethylether is a fungal metabolite first isolated from Aspergillus terreus as part of the asterriquinone complex. It is cytotoxic to NS-1 mouse myeloma cells with IC50 of 28 μg/ml. It has weak activity against tumor cells and the parasitic protozoan, Tritrichomonas foetus.

Hirsutide is a cyclotetrapeptide produced by a spider-derived entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella, which exhibits potent antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Phanerosporic acid is a fungal secondary metabolite isolated from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. It has antibacterial and antifungal activities.

A biocide with a broad spectrum of activity against fungi and gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

11-O-Methylpseurotin A is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from Sporothrix sp. It decreases survival of hof1δ mutant strains of S. cerevisiae.

A secondary degradation product formed by epimerisation of tetracycline and dehydration at the C6 position to aromatise the B ring. It is an important standard for monitoring tetracycline stability. It is considered to be biologically active and responsible for the toxicity of tetracycline. It is active against Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium, Moraxella, Bacillus and E. coli.

Praziquantel, marketed as Biltricide, is an anthelmintic used in humans and animals for the treatment of tapeworms and flukes. Specifically, it is effective against schistosoma, Clonorchis sinensis the fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum.

An unusual diketopiperazine isolated from aspergillus ochraceus. It exhibits insecticidal activity against the lepidopteran crop pest, helicoverpa zea. It is used as a secondary metabolite standard for polyphasic taxonomy in aspergillus.

A diketopiperazine-related metabolite produced by penicillium brevicompactum and aspergillus species. It has obvious plant growth regulation activity, but is devoid of antifungal or antimicrobial activity. It is active against Plasmodium falciparum.

A pyran-2-one metabolite produced by pencillium cryptomeriaecola. It is a gibberellin synergist and plant growth stimulator. It has the activity of inhibiting the growth of C. albicans, C. neoformans, T. rubrum, and A. fumigatus. It is cytotoxic to HL-60, MKN45, LoVo, and A549 cells.

Fumiquinazoline D is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus. It has activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as F. solani and C. albicans fungi. It's a cytotoxin agent.

Globosuxanthone A is a fungal metabolite isolated from C. globosum which is a well-known mesophilic member of the mold family Chaetomiaceae. Globosuxanthone A is cytotoxic to various human solid tumor cell lines, including MCF-7, PC3, LNCap and DU145 cells.

Gliorosein is a fungal metabolite produced by Gliocladium which is an asexual fungal genus in the Hypocreaceae. Gliorosein displays antibacterial activity against B. allii, B. subtilis and E. coli.

An impurity found in the macrolide antibiotic, Clarithromycin. It exhibits antibacterial properties.