Bioactive by-products

Avermectin B1b is the minor component of the commercially available anthelmintic marketed as Abamectin. It is used broadly against nematodes, ticks, flies, and ants.

Pirarubicin Hydrochloride is an analogue of the anthracycline anti-neoplastic doxorubicin, which is an inhibitor of Topo II. It intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting replication and repair of DNA and RNA, and protein synthesis. It is less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin and exhibits activity against some doxorubicin-resistant cell lines.

Germacrone is isolated from the rhizoma of Curcuma wenyujin. It has anti-tumor activity. Germacrone is a natural antiviral agent against porcine parvovirus (PPV).

Chicoric acid is an antiviral substance.

LL-37 amide, an antimicrobial peptide, has angiogenic activity.

Cecropin B is an antibacterial peptide originally isolated from insects. It has broad-spectrum antiparasitic and antibacterial activities and is also effective against fungi.

PGLa is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) composed of 21 amino acids which form an alpha-helical secondary structure. It has a wide variety of antimicrobial activity including activity against fungi, viruses, gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and cancer cells.

Niphimycin is an antimicrobial metabolized from Streptomyces.

Milbemycin A3 oxime is a semi-synthetic macrocyclic lactone prepared by the oxidation and oximation of a mixture of milbemycin A3. Milbemycin A3 oxime is the minor component of the anti-parasitic product milbemycin oxime.

Milbemycin A4 oxime is a semi-synthetic macrocyclic lactone prepared by the oxidation and oximation of a mixture of milbemycin A4. Milbemycin A4 oxime is the major component (70%) in the commercial product, milbemycin oxime.

It is one of many bioactive prenylflavonoids that can be isolated from the hops plant or humulus lupulus L. It has apparent chemotherapeutic prevention activity. It has also shown notable antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activity.

It is the first cecropin family to be isolated from a mammal rather than an insect. It has antiviral and broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. It also has antifungal activity, and has cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines.

Anhydroepiophiobolin A is an ophiobolin with a broad biological profile. It has antibacterial, antifungal, antitumour, herbicidal and nematocidal activities. It is the major terminal degradation product of ophiobolin A and is co-produced with other ophiobolins in many bipolaris species.

It is a neutral linear peptaibol complex with potent antimicrobial activity, containing 20 amino acids with an acetyl and phenylalaninol termini, produced by trichoderma sp. It is an ionopohore, transporting ions through membranes and artificial lipid membrane. It forms voltage-dependent ion channels in lipid bilayer membranes.

It is a base-catalysed intermediate in the decomposition of avermectin B1a. It has only very weak activity as a nematocide showing 100-fold less of biological activity compared with the parent avermectin. It is an environmental degradation product.

It is a minor co-metabolite of enterocin produced by several species of streptomyces. It exhibits activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

It is a simple aromatic siderophore produced by several species of pseudomonas. It exhibits antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor activity.

It is a simple phenazine produced by several species of streptomyces. It is a weakly active antibacterial metabolite with activity against Sarcina lutea and mycobacteria. Dimethoxyphenazine and related phenazines are important dereplication standards in discovery research to eliminate leads due to high amounts of weakly potent actives.

It is a minor hydrophobic analogue of cercosporin produced by several species of the fungal genera, cercospora and septoria. It has moderate in vitro activity against leishmania and chloroquine-sensitive strains of plasmodium falciparum. It exhibits antitumor activity.

It is a potent antitumour metabolite isolated from kibdelosporangium sp. MST-108465. It is structurally related to lysolipin and albofungin. It's cytotoxic.