Others

Sophocarpidine comes from the root of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott. Sophocarpine could decrease the level of serum transaminase, improve lipid metabolism, reduce synthesis of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IL-6, activate protective adipocytokine adiponectin, might be a drug for colonic inflammation and NASH.

EGCG is an antioxidant extracted from green tea, reduces Aβ42-induced cell death in three different cell types and inhibits β-secretase (IC50 = 1.6 μM). (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate is a natural compound found in the woods of Acacia catechu (L.F.) Willd. It can be used in cosmetic material.

Caspofungin acetate is the first in a new class of antifungals that inhibits the synthesis of beta (1, 3)-d-glucan, an essential component of the cell wall of filamentous fungi.

Cisplatin induces cytotoxicity by interaction with DNA to form DNA adducts which activate several signal transduction pathways, including Erk, p53, p73, and MAPK, which culminates in the activation of apoptosis. It is used in several types of cancer.

Forskolin is a naturally occurring diterpene that is produced by the Indian Coleus plant. It directly activates adenylyl cyclase through its catalytic subunit and is commonly used to raise levels of cAMP in a wide variety of intact cells and tissue preparations.

Cyclopamine (11-deoxojervine) is a naturally occurring chemical that belongs to the group of steroidal jerveratrum alkaloids. It is a teratogen isolated from the corn lily (Veratrum californicum) that causes usually fatal birth defects. It can prevent the fetal brain from dividing into two lobes (holoprosencephaly) and cause the development of a single eye (cyclopia). It does so by inhibiting the hedgehog signaling pathway (Hh). Cyclopamine is useful in studying the role of Hh in normal development, and as a potential treatment for certain cancers in which Hh is overexpressed.

3-Indolepropionic acid is a natural compound which can be isolated from Cucurbita pepo, Pisum sativum, etc., showing antioxidant activity.

Celastrol (tripterine) is a novel Hsp90 inhibitor isolated from the root extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii (Thunder god vine) and Celastrus regelii. Celastrol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and belongs to the family of quinone methides. In in vitro and in vivo animal experiments, celastrol exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and insecticidal activities. It has been shown to have obesity-controlling effects in mice.

Polyhydroxybutyrate is a polyester that is produced by microorganisms.

An isomer of the nucleoside uridine found in all species and in many classes of RNA except mRNA. It is formed by enzymes called synthases, which post-transcriptionally isomerize specific uridine residues in RNA in a process termed pseudouridylation. Studies suggest that Beta-Pseudouridine reduces radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes.