5-Fluoropolyoxin M

Members of Venturiales (Dothideomycetes) are widely distributed, and comprise saprobes, as well as plant, human and animal pathogens. In spite of their economic importance, the general lack of cultures and DNA data has resulted in taxa being poorly resolved. In the present study five loci, ITS, LSU rDNA, tef1, tub2 and rpb2 are used for analysing 115 venturialean taxa representing 30 genera in three families in the current classification of Venturiales. Based on the multigene phylogenetic analysis, morphological and ecological characteristics, one new family, Cylindrosympodiaceae, and eight new genera are described, namely Bellamyces, Fagicola, Fraxinicola, Fuscohilum, Neofusicladium, Parafusicladium, Pinaceicola and Sterila. In addition, 12 species are described as new to science, and 41 new combinations are proposed. The taxonomic status of 153 species have been re-evaluated with 20 species excluded from Venturiales. Based on this revision of Venturiales, morphological characteristics such as conidial arrangement (solitary or in chains) or conidiogenesis (blastic-solitary, sympodial or annellidic), proved to be significant at generic level. Venturia as currently defined represents a generic complex. Furthermore, plant pathogens appear more terminal in phylogenetic analyses within Venturiaceae and Sympoventuriaceae, suggesting that the ancestral state of Venturiales is most likely saprobic.

The materials and methods (M&M) section is the heart of a scientific paper and is subject to initial screening of the editor to decide whether the manuscript should be sent for external review. If the M&M section of a scientific paper be considered as a recipe, its ingredients would be who, what, when, where, how, and why. M&M should effectively respond to the study question/hypothesis using the following basic elements including materials, study design, study population/subjects or animals, methods of measurements/assessments, and statistical analysis. A well-organized M&M permits other scientists to evaluate the study findings and repeat the experiments. Although there are several disciplinary differences in the M&M, similar dos and don'ts may be considered to organize a well-written M&M. Briefly, authors need to provide clear-cut, adequate, and detailed information in the M&M section. In this review, the structure, the principles, and the most common recommendations for writing the M&M section are provided, both in general and study-specific; these could help authors effectively prepare the M&M section of a scientific biomedical manuscript.

Miscellaneous 2-D molecular alloy clusters of the type [MxM'5-xFe4(CO)16]3- (M, M' = Cu, Ag, Au; M ≠ M') have been prepared through the reactions of [Cu3Fe3(CO)12]3-, [Ag4Fe4(CO)16]4- or [M5Fe4(CO)16]3- (M = Cu, Ag) with M'(I) salts (M' = Cu, Ag, Au). Their formation involves a combination of oxidation, condensation, and substitution reactions. The total structures of several [MxM'5-xFe4(CO)16]3- clusters with different compositions have been determined by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) and their nature in solution elucidated by electron spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and IR and UV-visible spectroscopy. Substitutional and compositional disorder is present in the solid state structures, and ESI-MS analyses point out that mixtures of isostructural clusters differing by a few M/M' coinage metals are present. SC-XRD studies indicate some site preferences of the coinage metals within the metal cores of these clusters, with Au preferentially in corner sites and Cu in the central site. DFT studies give theoretical support to the experimental structural evidence. The site preference is mainly dictated by the strength of the Fe-M bonds that decreases in the order Fe-Au > Fe-Ag > Fe-Cu, and the preferred structure is the one that maximizes the number of stronger Fe-M interactions. Overall, the molecular nature of these clusters allows their structures to be fully revealed with atomic precision, resulting in the elucidation of the bonding parameters that determine the distribution of the different metals within their metal cores.