Actinopyrone A

Basal stem rot (BSR), orGanodermarot disease, is the most serious disease associated with the oil palm plant of Southeast Asian countries. A basidiomycetous fungus,Ganoderma boninense, is the causative microbe of this disease. To control BSR in oil palm plantations, biological control agents are gaining attention as a major alternative to chemical fungicides. In the course of searching for effective actinomycetes as potential biological control agents for BSR,Streptomyces palmaeCMU-AB204Twas isolated from oil palm rhizosphere soil collected on the campus of Chiang Mai University. The culture broth of this strain showed significant antimicrobial activities against several bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi includingG. boninense. Antifungal and antibacterial compounds were isolated by antimicrobial activity-guided purification using chromatographic methods. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques, including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass Spectrometry (MS), Ultraviolet (UV), and Infrared (IR) analyses. The current study isolated new phenyl alkenoic acids1-6and three known compounds, anguinomycin A (7), leptomycin A (8), and actinopyrone A (9) as antimicrobial agents. Compounds1and2displayed broad antifungal activity, though they did not show antibacterial activity. Compounds3and4revealed a strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including the phytopathogenic strainXanthomonas campestrispv.oryzae. Compounds7-9displayed antifungal activity againstGanoderma. Thus, the antifungal compounds obtained in this study may play a role in protecting oil palm plants fromGanodermainfection with the strainS. palmaeCMU-AB204T.

The structure of physiologically active substances, actinopyrones A, B and C, produced by Streptomyces pactum S12538 were determined on the basis of their spectral and chemical character. These substances were structurally related to piericidin A1.

Vertebrate hypoxia tolerance can emerge from modifications to the oxygen (O2) transport cascade, but whether there is adaptive variation to O2 binding at the terminus of this cascade, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX), is not known. In order to address the hypothesis that hypoxia tolerance is associated with enhanced O2 binding by mitochondria we undertook a comparative analysis of COX O2 kinetics across species of intertidal sculpins (Cottidae, Actinopterygii) that vary in hypoxia tolerance. Our analysis revealed a significant relationship between hypoxia tolerance (critical O2 tension of O2 consumption rate; Pcrit), mitochondrial O2 binding affinity (O2 tension at which mitochondrial respiration was half maximal; P50), and COX O2-binding affinity (apparent Michaelis-Menten constant for O2 binding to COX; Km,app O2). The more hypoxia tolerant species had both a lower mitochondrial P50 and lower COX Km,app O2, facilitating the maintenance of mitochondrial function to a lower O2 tension than in hypoxia intolerant species. Additionally, hypoxia tolerant species had a lower overall COX Vmax but higher mitochondrial COX respiration rate when expressed relative to maximal electron transport system respiration rate. In silico analyses of the COX3 subunit postulated as the entry point for O2 into the COX protein catalytic core, points to variation in COX3 protein stability (estimated as free energy of unfolding) contributing to the variation in COX Km,app O2. We propose that interactions between COX3 and cardiolipin at four amino acid positions along the same alpha-helix forming the COX3 v-cleft represent likely determinants of interspecific differences in COX Km,app O2.