Afragilimycin A

Bioinformatic analyses indicate that TrdC, SlgL, LipX2, KirHI, and FacHI belong to a group of highly homologous proteins involved in biosynthesis of actinomycete-derived tirandamycin B, streptolydigin, α-lipomycin, kirromycin, and factumycin, respectively. However, assignment of their biosynthetic roles has remained elusive. Gene inactivation and complementation, in vitro biochemical assays with synthetic analogues, point mutations, and phylogenetic tree analyses reveal that these proteins represent a new family of Dieckmann cyclases that drive tetramic acid and pyridone scaffold biosynthesis.

The asymmetric total syntheses of tirandamycins A-D and tirandalydigin as well as the synthesis of the left-hand fragment of streptolydiginone and streptolydigin from a common intermediate are described. The comprehensive approach features the highly enantio- and diastereoselective assembly of the anti,anti,syn-stereotetrad unit which relies on a cinchona alkaloid-catalyzed asymmetric Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction.

In the present study, an Escherichia coli whole cell system with overexpression of a cytochrome P450 oxidase SlgO1 involved in streptolydigin biosynthetic pathway, an E. coli flavodoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase (EcFLDR), and an E. coli flavodoxin A (EcFLDA) were constructed. Biotransformation experiments revealed that SlgO1 can convert tirandamycin C to tirandamycin F, indicating that it can introduce a hydroxyl group into the C-10 position of tirandamycin C. Subsequently, slgO1 was cloned into pSET152AKE vector under the downstream of ermE* promoter, which was, respectively, introduced into Streptomyces sp. SCSIO1666 (tirandamycin B producer), Streptomyces sp. Ju1008 (tirandamycin C producer), and Streptomyces sp. Ju1009 (tirandamycin E producer). A novel tirandamycin derivative tirandamycin L accumulated in the engineered strain Streptomyces sp. Ju1008::slgO1 was isolated and its structure was determined on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. Unlike most of the identified tirandamycins, tirandamycin L possessed a rare C-11-C-12 saturated bond as well as a C-10 ketone moiety. In addition, tirandamycin L showed weaker antibacterial activity. Based on the structure of tirandamycin L, SlgO1 was proposed to be responsible for multiple modifications toward tirandamycin C, including the formation of C-10 hydroxyl and C-11-C-12 saturated bond.