Apramycin
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| Category | Antibiotics |
| Catalog number | BBF-00558 |
| CAS | 37321-09-8 |
| Molecular Weight | 539.58 |
| Molecular Formula | C21H41N5O11 |
| Purity | >98% |
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Description
Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. Apramycin has a broad antibacterial spectrum and has a strong effect on both Gram-positive and negative bacteria.
Specification
| Related CAS | 65710-07-8 (sulfate) |
| Synonyms | Nebramycin II; Nebramycin factor 2; Apramycinum; Apramicina |
| Storage | Store at -20°C |
| IUPAC Name | (2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-[[(2R,3S,4R,4aR,6S,7R,8aS)-7-amino-6-[(1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexyl]oxy-4-hydroxy-3-(methylamino)-2,3,4,4a,6,7,8,8a-octahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-2-yl]oxy]-5-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4-diol |
| Canonical SMILES | CNC1C(C2C(CC(C(O2)OC3C(CC(C(C3O)O)N)N)N)OC1OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)N)O)O)O |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C21H41N5O11/c1-26-11-14(30)18-8(33-20(11)37-21-16(32)13(29)10(25)9(4-27)34-21)3-7(24)19(36-18)35-17-6(23)2-5(22)12(28)15(17)31/h5-21,26-32H,2-4,22-25H2,1H3/t5-,6+,7-,8+,9-,10-,11+,12+,13+,14-,15-,16-,17-,18+,19+,20-,21-/m1/s1 |
| InChI Key | XZNUGFQTQHRASN-XQENGBIVSA-N |
Properties
| Application | Anti-Bacterial Agents |
| Antibiotic Activity Spectrum | Gram-positive bacteria; Gram-negative bacteria |
| Boiling Point | 823°C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | >168°C (dec.) |
| Density | 1.56 g/cm3 |
| Solubility | Soluble in Water |
Reference Reading
1.C3'-Deoxygenation of Paromamine Catalyzed by a Radical S-Adenosylmethionine Enzyme: Characterization of the Enzyme AprD4 and Its Reductase Partner AprD3.
Kim HJ1, LeVieux J1, Yeh YC1, Liu HW2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2016 Mar 7;55(11):3724-8. doi: 10.1002/anie.201510635. Epub 2016 Feb 16.
C3'-deoxygenation of aminoglycosides results in their decreased susceptibility to phosphorylation thereby increasing their efficacy as antibiotics. However, the biosynthetic mechanism of C3'-deoxygenation is unknown. To address this issue, aprD4 and aprD3 genes from the apramycin gene cluster in Streptomyces tenebrarius were expressed in E. coli and the resulting gene products were characterized in vitro. AprD4 is shown to be a radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzyme, catalyzing homolysis of SAM to 5'-deoxyadenosine (5'-dAdo) in the presence of paromamine. [4'-(2) H]-Paromamine was prepared and used to show that its C4'-H is transferred to 5'-dAdo by AprD4, during which the substrate is dehydrated to a product consistent with 4'-oxolividamine. In contrast, paromamine is reduced to a deoxy product when incubated with AprD4/AprD3/NADPH. These results show that AprD4 is the first radical SAM diol-dehydratase and, along with AprD3, is responsible for 3'-deoxygenation in aminoglycoside biosynthesis.
2.Apramycin treatment affects selection and spread of a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain able to colonize the human gut in the intestinal microbiota of pigs.
Herrero-Fresno A1, Zachariasen C2, Hansen MH3, Nielsen A4, Hendriksen RS5, Nielsen SS6, Olsen JE7. Vet Res. 2016 Jan 7;47(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s13567-015-0291-z.
The effect of apramycin treatment on transfer and selection of an Escherichia coli strain (E. coli 912) in the intestine of pigs was analyzed through an in vivo experiment. The strain was sequenced and assigned to the sequence type ST101 and serotype O11. It carried resistance genes to apramycin/gentamicin, sulphonamide, tetracycline, hygromycin B, β-lactams and streptomycin [aac(3)-IV, sul2, tet(X), aph(4), bla TEM-1 and strA/B], with all but tet(X) located on the same conjugative plasmid. Nineteen pigs were randomly allocated into two inoculation groups, one treated with apramycin (pen 2) and one non-treated (pen 3), along with a non-inoculated control group (pen 1). Two pigs of pen 2 and 3 were inoculated intragastrically with a rifampicin resistant variant of the strain. Apramycin treatment in pen 2 was initiated immediately after inoculation. Strain colonization was assessed in the feces from all pigs. E. coli 912 was shown to spread to non-inoculated pigs in both groups.
3.Effects of a lipid-encapsulated zinc oxide dietary supplement, on growth parameters and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs artificially infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
Kim SJ1, Kwon CH1, Park BC2, Lee CY3, Han JH1. J Anim Sci Technol. 2015 Jan 24;57:4. doi: 10.1186/s40781-014-0038-9. eCollection 2015.
The study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of a lipid-encapsulated Zinc oxide on growth parameters and intestinal mucosal morphology piglets born to Duroc-sired Landrace × Yorkshire dams. Twenty-four 30-day-old piglets weaned at 25 days of age were orally challenged with 5 × 10(8) colony forming units of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 and fed one of the four diets for 7 days: (i) a nursery basal diet containing 100-ppm ZnO (referred to as BASAL), (ii) BASAL supplemented with 120-ppm apramycin (referred to as ANTIBIO), (iii) BASAL with 2,400-ppm ZnO (referred to as HIGH), and BASAL containing 100-ppm lipid-encapsulated ZnO (referred to as LE). All piglets were killed at the end of the experiment for histological examination on the intestine. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG), the villus height: crypt depth (CD) ratio in the ileum, and the goblet cell density of the villus and crypt in the duodenum, jejunum, and colon were greater in the LE-fed group that those of the BASAL (p < 0.
4.Presence of antimicrobial resistance in coliform bacteria from hatching broiler eggs with emphasis on ESBL/AmpC-producing bacteria.
Mezhoud H1, Chantziaras I2,3, Iguer-Ouada M4, Moula N5,6, Garmyn A3, Martel A3, Touati A1, Smet A3, Haesebrouck F3, Boyen F3. Avian Pathol. 2016 Mar 24:1-30. [Epub ahead of print]
Antimicrobial resistance is recognized as one of the most important global health challenges. Broilers are an important reservoir of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in general and, more particularly, ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Since contamination of 1-day-old chicks is a potential risk factor for the introduction of antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the broiler production chain, the presence of antimicrobial resistant coliform bacteria in broiler hatching eggs was explored in the present study. Samples from 186 hatching eggs, collected from eleven broiler breeder farms, were inoculated on MacConkey agar with or without ceftiofur and investigated for the presence of antimicrobial resistant lactose positive Enterobacteriaceae, particularly, ESBL/AmpC-producers. Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae were obtained from the eggshells in ten out of eleven (10/11) sampled farms. The majority of the isolates were recovered from crushed eggshells after external decontamination suggesting that these bacteria are concealed from the disinfectants in the egg shell pores.
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Bio Calculators
* Our calculator is based on the following equation:
Concentration (start) x Volume (start) = Concentration (final) x Volume (final)
It is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2
* Total Molecular Weight:
g/mol
Tip: Chemical formula is case sensitive. C22H30N4O √ c22h30n40 ╳
