Bruceol
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| Category | Others |
| Catalog number | BBF-05139 |
| CAS | 33044-74-5 |
| Molecular Weight | 328.36 |
| Molecular Formula | C19H20O5 |
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Specification
| Synonyms | (-)-Bruceol; 2,12-Epoxy-2H,9H-[2]benzopyrano[4,3-g][1]benzopyran-9-one, 1,3,4,4a,5,12b-hexahydro-1-hydroxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-, [1S-(1α,2α,4aβ,12bβ)]- |
| IUPAC Name | 16-hydroxy-11,11,15-trimethyl-6,10,19-trioxapentacyclo[13.3.1.02,7.09,18.012,17]nonadeca-1,3,7,9(18)-tetraen-5-one |
| Canonical SMILES | CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2C4=C(O1)C=C5C(=C4O3)C=CC(=O)O5)O)C)C |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C19H20O5/c1-18(2)10-6-7-19(3)17(21)14(10)15-12(23-18)8-11-9(16(15)24-19)4-5-13(20)22-11/h4-5,8,10,14,17,21H,6-7H2,1-3H3 |
| InChI Key | AINCADFEINJXSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Properties
| Boiling Point | 476.1±45.0°C (Predicted) |
| Melting Point | 201°C |
| Density | 1.343±0.06 g/cm3 (Predicted) |
Reference Reading
1. Aligning tumor mutational burden (TMB) quantification across diagnostic platforms: phase II of the Friends of Cancer Research TMB Harmonization Project
D M Vega, L M Yee, L M McShane, et al. Ann Oncol. 2021 Dec;32(12):1626-1636. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.09.016. Epub 2021 Oct 1.
Background: Tumor mutational burden (TMB) measurements aid in identifying patients who are likely to benefit from immunotherapy; however, there is empirical variability across panel assays and factors contributing to this variability have not been comprehensively investigated. Identifying sources of variability can help facilitate comparability across different panel assays, which may aid in broader adoption of panel assays and development of clinical applications. Materials and methods: Twenty-nine tumor samples and 10 human-derived cell lines were processed and distributed to 16 laboratories; each used their own bioinformatics pipelines to calculate TMB and compare to whole exome results. Additionally, theoretical positive percent agreement (PPA) and negative percent agreement (NPA) of TMB were estimated. The impact of filtering pathogenic and germline variants on TMB estimates was assessed. Calibration curves specific to each panel assay were developed to facilitate translation of panel TMB values to whole exome sequencing (WES) TMB values. Results: Panel sizes >667 Kb are necessary to maintain adequate PPA and NPA for calling TMB high versus TMB low across the range of cut-offs used in practice. Failure to filter out pathogenic variants when estimating panel TMB resulted in overestimating TMB relative to WES for all assays. Filtering out potential germline variants at >0% population minor allele frequency resulted in the strongest correlation to WES TMB. Application of a calibration approach derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas data, tailored to each panel assay, reduced the spread of panel TMB values around the WES TMB as reflected in lower root mean squared error (RMSE) for 26/29 (90%) of the clinical samples. Conclusions: Estimation of TMB varies across different panels, with panel size, gene content, and bioinformatics pipelines contributing to empirical variability. Statistical calibration can achieve more consistent results across panels and allows for comparison of TMB values across various panel assays. To promote reproducibility and comparability across assays, a software tool was developed and made publicly available.
2. Reticulocyte Maturation and Variant Red Blood Cells
Christian J Stevens-Hernandez, Joanna F Flatt, Sabine Kupzig, Lesley J Bruce Front Physiol. 2022 Mar 7;13:834463. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.834463. eCollection 2022.
The bone marrow produces billions of reticulocytes daily. These reticulocytes mature into red blood cells by reducing their plasma membrane by 20% and ejecting or degrading residual internal organelles, membranes and proteins not required by the mature cell. This process occurs by autophagy, protein degradation and vesiculation but is not well understood. We previously reported that Southeast Asian Ovalocytic RBCs demonstrate incomplete reticulocyte maturation and we have now extended this study to a number of other variant RBCs. By comparing the profile of a pure reticulocyte preparation of cultured red cells with these variant cells, we show that the largest of these cells, the overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis cells, are the least mature, they barely reduced their plasma membrane and contain large amounts of proteins that should have been reduced or removed. Intermediate sized variant RBCs appear to be more mature but retain some endoplasmic reticulum and residual membrane proteins. We propose that the size and composition of these variant cell types correlate with the different stages of reticulocyte maturation and provide insight into the reticulocyte maturation process.
3. Reticulocyte Maturation
Christian J Stevens-Hernandez, Lesley J Bruce Membranes (Basel). 2022 Mar 10;12(3):311. doi: 10.3390/membranes12030311.
Changes to the membrane proteins and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton must occur for a reticulocyte to mature into a red blood cell (RBC). Different mechanisms of reticulocyte maturation have been proposed to reduce the size and volume of the reticulocyte plasma membrane and to eliminate residual organelles. Lysosomal protein degradation, exosome release, autophagy and the extrusion of large autophagic-endocytic hybrid vesicles have been shown to contribute to reticulocyte maturation. These processes may occur simultaneously or perhaps sequentially. Reticulocyte maturation is incompletely understood and requires further investigation. RBCs with membrane defects or cation leak disorders caused by genetic variants offer an insight into reticulocyte maturation as they present characteristics of incomplete maturation. In this review, we compare the structure of the mature RBC membrane with that of the reticulocyte. We discuss the mechanisms of reticulocyte maturation with a focus on incomplete reticulocyte maturation in red cell variants.
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Bio Calculators
* Our calculator is based on the following equation:
Concentration (start) x Volume (start) = Concentration (final) x Volume (final)
It is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2
* Total Molecular Weight:
g/mol
Tip: Chemical formula is case sensitive. C22H30N4O √ c22h30n40 ╳
