Cyclochlorotine
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| Category | Mycotoxins |
| Catalog number | BBF-01108 |
| CAS | 12663-46-6 |
| Molecular Weight | 572.44 |
| Molecular Formula | C24H31Cl2N5O7 |
| Purity | ≥ 98% |
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Description
It is produced by the strain of Penicillium islandicum. It can accelerate the degradation of glycogen and make the Liver glycogen particles disappear.
Specification
| Synonyms | Chloropeptide; Cyclic(L-3-phenyl-beta-alanyl-L-seryl-(3S-cis)-3,4-dichloro-L-prolyl-L-alpha-aminobutyryl-L-seryl) |
| IUPAC Name | (3S,7R,10S,13S,16R,17S,18R)-17,18-dichloro-13-ethyl-3,10-bis(hydroxymethyl)-7-phenyl-1,4,8,11,14-pentazabicyclo[14.3.0]nonadecane-2,5,9,12,15-pentone |
| Canonical SMILES | CCC1C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(CC(=O)NC(C(=O)N2CC(C(C2C(=O)N1)Cl)Cl)CO)C3=CC=CC=C3)CO |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C24H31Cl2N5O7/c1-2-14-21(35)30-16(10-32)22(36)29-15(12-6-4-3-5-7-12)8-18(34)27-17(11-33)24(38)31-9-13(25)19(26)20(31)23(37)28-14/h3-7,13-17,19-20,32-33H,2,8-11H2,1H3,(H,27,34)(H,28,37)(H,29,36)(H,30,35)/t13-,14+,15-,16+,17+,19-,20+/m1/s1 |
| InChI Key | PMBVHCCVEPYDSN-BADCMNFISA-N |
| Source | Cyclochlorotine is a mycotoxin produced by the common food storage mould Penicillium islandicum. |
Properties
| Appearance | Acicular Crystal |
| Boiling Point | 249 °C (Predicted) |
| Melting Point | 255 °C |
| Density | 1.5344 g/cm3 (Predicted) |
Toxicity
| Carcinogenicity | 3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. |
| Mechanism Of Toxicity | Cyclochlorotine (CC) causes hepatic necrosis and has carcinogenic properties. The in vitro application of CC on myocytes induced disruption of myofibrils and large accumulations of actin, myosin, alpha-actinin, and vinculin at the cellular processes. This agent also induced the formation of islands of myosin and alpha-actinin aggregates. Actin filament bundles in fibroblasts were either unaffected or disrupted completely. CC damage was dose-dependently reversible. The degree of CC influence on myofibrillar and cytoskeletal proteins seems to be in the order of actin, myosin/a-actinin/vinculin, desmin and tubulin. This order is proportional to the proximity of proteins to actomyosin of myofibrils. CC, in some as yet unknown manner, appeares to dismantle previously assembled myofibrils and to form aggregates of myofibrillar and cytoskeletal proteins. The accumulation of myoproteins, particularly actin, at the cellular peripheries was characteristic of CC treatment, but its mechanism remains to be clarified. Two different responses of fibroblasts were noted after CC treatment, i.e., actin filament bundles were either unaffected or were disrupted completely to result in the formation of actin islands. Also, cell damage caused by CC treatment is reversible. |
Reference Reading
1. Biosynthesis of Cyclochlorotine: Identification of the Genes Involved in Oxidative Transformations and Intramolecular O, N-Transacylation
Yulu Jiang, Taro Ozaki, Chengwei Liu, Yuya Igarashi, Ying Ye, Shoubin Tang, Tao Ye, Jun-Ichi Maruyama, Atsushi Minami, Hideaki Oikawa Org Lett. 2021 Apr 2;23(7):2616-2620. doi: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00525. Epub 2021 Mar 18.
Mycotoxin cyclochlorotine (1) and structurally related astins are cyclic pentapeptides containing unique nonproteinogenic amino acids, such as β-phenylalanine, l-allo-threonine, and 3,4-dichloroproline. Herein, we report the biosynthetic pathway for 1, which involves intriguing tailoring processes mediated by DUF3328 proteins, including stereo- and regiospecific chlorination and hydroxylation and intramolecular O,N-transacylation. Our findings demonstrate that DUF3328 proteins, which are known to be involved in oxidative cyclization of fungal ribosomal peptides, have much higher functional diversity than previously expected.
2. The cyclochlorotine mycotoxin is produced by the nonribosomal peptide synthetase CctN in Talaromyces islandicus ('Penicillium islandicum')
Thomas Schafhauser, Norbert Kirchner, Andreas Kulik, et al. Environ Microbiol. 2016 Nov;18(11):3728-3741. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13294. Epub 2016 Jun 27.
Talaromyces islandicus ('Penicillium islandicum') is a widespread foodborne mold that produces numerous secondary metabolites, among them potent mycotoxins belonging to different chemical classes. A notable metabolite is the hepatotoxic and carcinogenic pentapeptide cyclochlorotine that contains the unusual amino acids β-phenylalanine, 2-aminobutyrate and 3,4-dichloroproline. Although the chemical structure has been known for over five decades, nothing is known about the biosynthetic pathway of cyclochlorotine. Bioinformatic analysis of the recently sequenced genome of T. islandicus identified a wealth of gene clusters potentially coding for the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Here, we show by RNA interference-mediated gene silencing that a nonribosomal peptide synthetase, CctN, is responsible for the synthesis of cyclochlorotine. Moreover, we identified novel cyclochlorotine chemical variants, whose production also depended on cctN expression. Surprisingly, the halogenase required for cyclochlorotine biosynthesis is not encoded in the cct cluster. Nonetheless, our findings enabled us to propose a detailed model for cyclochlorotine biosynthesis. In addition, comparative genomics revealed that cct-like clusters are present in all of the sequenced Talaromyces strains indicating a high prevalence of cyclochlorotine production ability.
3. Structural and conformational analysis of hydroxycyclochlorotine and cyclochlorotine, chlorinated cyclic peptides from Penicillium islandicum
Kohei Mizutani, Yusuke Hirasawa, Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi, Naoki Mochizuki, Hiroshi Morita J Nat Prod. 2008 Jul;71(7):1297-300. doi: 10.1021/np800150m. Epub 2008 Jun 18.
A new chlorinated cyclic pentapeptide, hydroxycyclochlorotine (1), has been isolated from Penicillium islandicum, and the structure including absolute stereochemistry of 1 and conformational properties of 1 and cyclochlorotine (2) in DMSO-d6 were elucidated by using extensive 2D NMR and chemical means. Hydroxycyclochlorotine (1) and astin B (3) from Aster tataricus, each containing an allo threonine at residue 2, have a cis proline configuration, whereas cyclochlorotine (2) has two conformational states in solution, which may be produced from cis-trans isomerization of the proline amide bond. The presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between Ser (3)-NH and a hydroxyl oxygen atom of alloThr (2) may serve to maintain the backbone conformation with a cis proline amide bond.
Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive
Experimental Conditions
Ionization Mode: Positive
Collision Energy: 10 eV
Instrument Type: QTOF (generic), spectrum predicted by CFM-ID
Mass Resolution: 0.0001 Da
Collision Energy: 10 eV
Instrument Type: QTOF (generic), spectrum predicted by CFM-ID
Mass Resolution: 0.0001 Da
1H NMR Spectrum
Experimental Conditions
Solvent: D2O
Nucleus: 1H
Frequency: 100
Nucleus: 1H
Frequency: 100
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Bio Calculators
* Our calculator is based on the following equation:
Concentration (start) x Volume (start) = Concentration (final) x Volume (final)
It is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2
* Total Molecular Weight:
g/mol
Tip: Chemical formula is case sensitive. C22H30N4O √ c22h30n40 ╳
