Gypsetin
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| Category | Enzyme inhibitors |
| Catalog number | BBF-01301 |
| CAS | 155114-38-8 |
| Molecular Weight | 540.66 |
| Molecular Formula | C32H36N4O4 |
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Description
It is produced by the strain of Nannizzia gypsea var. incurvata IFO 9228. It can inhibit acylcoenzyme A, cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity, inhibit rat liver microbody ACAT with IC50 of 18 μmol/L, and its action is competitive with oleoyl-COA substrate, Ki value is 5.5 μmol/L. It also inhibits [14C] oleic acid from forming cholesterol esters with IC50 of 0.65 μmol/L.
Specification
| Synonyms | Gypsetine; (-)-Gypsetin; 8a,16a-Dihydroxy-5a,13a-bis(1,1-dimethylallyl)-(1)-benzazolidine-(3''',2''':4'',5'')azolidino-(1'',2'':4',5')(1,4)perhydrodiazin-(1',2':1,5)azolidino-(2,3-b)-(1)-benzazolidine-7,15-dione; Pyrazino(1'',2'':1,5;4'',5'':1',5')dipyrrolo(2,3-b:2',3'-b')diindole-7,15(5H,7aH)-dione,5a,13a-bis(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-5a,8,8a,13,13a,15a,16,16a-octahydro-8a,16a-dihydroxy-, (5aalpha,7aalpha,8abeta,13abeta,15aalpha,16aalpha)- |
| IUPAC Name | (1S,4R,12S,14S,17S,25R)-12,25-dihydroxy-4,17-bis(2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)-3,5,16,18-tetrazaheptacyclo[14.10.0.03,14.04,12.06,11.017,25.019,24]hexacosa-6,8,10,19,21,23-hexaene-2,15-dione |
| Canonical SMILES | CC(C)(C=C)C12C(CC3N1C(=O)C4CC5(C6=CC=CC=C6NC5(N4C3=O)C(C)(C)C=C)O)(C7=CC=CC=C7N2)O |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C32H36N4O4/c1-7-27(3,4)31-29(39,19-13-9-11-15-21(19)33-31)17-23-26(38)36-24(25(37)35(23)31)18-30(40)20-14-10-12-16-22(20)34-32(30,36)28(5,6)8-2/h7-16,23-24,33-34,39-40H,1-2,17-18H2,3-6H3/t23-,24-,29-,30+,31+,32-/m0/s1 |
| InChI Key | CXDDBHFLLPBKRS-OVYULKEKSA-N |
Properties
| Appearance | Colorless Acicular Crystal |
| Boiling Point | 756.2 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | 162 °C |
| Density | 1.38 g/cm3 |
| Solubility | Soluble in Methanol, Chloroform |
Reference Reading
1. [OCULAR SYPHILIS]
Fidaa El Zhalka, Raz Gepstein Harefuah. 2022 Oct;161(10):652-658.
Syphilis is also known as 'the great imitator' for its ability to mimic many diseases due to its extensive range of clinical manifestations. This review aims to provide an update on the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of ocular syphilis. It manifests in a spectrum of ways that can occur at any stage of the disease, and may be the only presenting feature of systemic syphilis, with the most common finding being panuveitis. The diagnosis is usually aided by serology testing: nonspecific treponemal antibodies (for screening and follow-up) and specific treponemal antibodies for confirmation of the diagnosis. The treatment for ocular syphilis is similar to neurosyphilis and includes intravenous aqueous crystalline penicillin.
2. Extracellular Vesicles From Epicardial Fat Facilitate Atrial Fibrillation
Olga Shaihov-Teper, Eilon Ram, Nimer Ballan, Rafael Y Brzezinski, Nili Naftali-Shani, Rula Masoud, Tamar Ziv, Nir Lewis, Yeshai Schary, La-Paz Levin-Kotler, David Volvovitch, Elchanan M Zuroff, Sergei Amunts, Neta Regev-Rudzki, Leonid Sternik, Ehud Raanani, Lior Gepstein, Jonathan Leor Circulation. 2021 Jun 22;143(25):2475-2493. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052009. Epub 2021 Apr 1.
Background: The role of epicardial fat (eFat)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF) has never been studied. We tested the hypothesis that eFat-EVs transmit proinflammatory, profibrotic, and proarrhythmic molecules that induce atrial myopathy and fibrillation. Methods: We collected eFat specimens from patients with (n=32) and without AF (n=30) during elective heart surgery. eFat samples were grown as organ cultures, and the culture medium was collected every 2 days. We then isolated and purified eFat-EVs from the culture medium, and analyzed the EV number, size, morphology, specific markers, encapsulated cytokines, proteome, and microRNAs. Next, we evaluated the biological effects of unpurified and purified EVs on atrial mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial cells in vitro. To establish a causal association between eFat-EVs and vulnerability to AF, we modeled AF in vitro using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Results: Microscopic examination revealed excessive inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis in fresh and cultured eFat tissues. Cultured explants from patients with AF secreted more EVs and harbored greater amounts of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines, and profibrotic microRNA, as well, than those without AF. The proteomic analysis confirmed the distinctive profile of purified eFat-EVs from patients with AF. In vitro, purified and unpurified eFat-EVs from patients with AF had a greater effect on proliferation and migration of human mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial cells, compared with eFat-EVs from patients without AF. Last, whereas eFat-EVs from patients with and without AF shortened the action potential duration of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, only eFat-EVs from patients with AF induced sustained reentry (rotor) in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Conclusions: We show, for the first time, a distinctive proinflammatory, profibrotic, and proarrhythmic signature of eFat-EVs from patients with AF. Our findings uncover another pathway by which eFat promotes the development of atrial myopathy and fibrillation.
3. Current practice in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis
Kengadhevi Yogeswaran, João M Furtado, Bahram Bodaghi, Janet M Matthews; International Ocular Toxoplasmosis Study Group; Justine R Smith Br J Ophthalmol. 2022 Feb 23;bjophthalmol-2022-321091. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2022-321091. Online ahead of print.
Background: Ocular toxoplasmosis is common across all regions of the world. Understanding of the epidemiology and approach to diagnosis and treatment have evolved recently. In November 2020, an international group of uveitis-specialised ophthalmologists formed the International Ocular Toxoplasmosis Study Group to define current practice. Methods: 192 Study Group members from 48 countries completed a 36-item survey on clinical features, use of investigations, indications for treatment, systemic and intravitreal treatment with antiparasitic drugs and corticosteroids, and approach to follow-up and preventive therapy. Results: For 77.1% of members, unilateral retinochoroiditis adjacent to a pigmented scar accounted for over 60% of presentations, but diverse atypical presentations were also reported. Common complications included persistent vitreous opacities, epiretinal membrane, cataract, and ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Most members used clinical examination with (56.8%) or without (35.9%) serology to diagnose typical disease but relied on intraocular fluid testing-usually PCR-in atypical cases (68.8%). 66.1% of members treated all non-pregnant patients, while 33.9% treated selected patients. Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was first-line therapy for 66.7% of members, and 60.9% had experience using intravitreal clindamycin. Corticosteroid drugs were administered systemically by 97.4%; 24.7% also injected corticosteroid intravitreally, almost always in combination with an antimicrobial drug (72.3%). The majority of members followed up all (60.4%) or selected (35.9%) patients after resolution of acute disease, and prophylaxis against recurrence with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was prescribed to selected patients by 69.8%. Conclusion: Our report presents a current management approach for ocular toxoplasmosis, as practised by a large international group of uveitis-specialised ophthalmologists.
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Bio Calculators
* Our calculator is based on the following equation:
Concentration (start) x Volume (start) = Concentration (final) x Volume (final)
It is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2
* Total Molecular Weight:
g/mol
Tip: Chemical formula is case sensitive. C22H30N4O √ c22h30n40 ╳
