Isoleucyl-serine

Activation of integrin receptors in neurons can promote cell survival and synaptic plasticity, but the underlying signal transduction pathway(s) is unknown. We report that integrin signaling prevents apoptosis of embryonic hippocampal neurons by a mechanism involving integrin-linked kinase (ILK) that activates Akt kinase. Activation of integrins using a peptide containing the amino acid sequence EIKLLIS derived from the alpha chain of laminin protected hippocampal neurons from apoptosis induced by glutamate or staurosporine, and increased Akt activity in a beta1 integrin-dependent manner. Transfection of neurons with a plasmid encoding dominant negative Akt blocked the protective effect of the integrin-activating peptide, as did a chemical inhibitor of Akt. Although inhibitors of phosphoinositide-3 (PI3) kinase blocked the protective effect of the peptide, we found no increase in PI3 kinase activity following integrin stimulation suggesting that PI3 kinase was necessary for Akt activity but was not sufficient for the increase in Akt activity following integrin activation. Instead, we show a requirement for ILK in integrin receptor-induced Akt activation. ILK was activated following integrin stimulation and dominant negative ILK blocked integrin-mediated Akt activation and cell survival. Activation of ILK and Akt were also required for neuroprotection by substrate-associated laminin. These results establish a novel pathway that signals cell survival in neurons in response to integrin receptor activation.

A simple and sensitive radiometric assay for the peptidase involved in the post-translational processing of p21ras proteins at the carboxy-terminal Cys-aliphatic-aliphatic--any amino acid (CAAX) motif is described. An isoprenylated tetrapeptide substrate, N-acetyl-S-[3H]farnesyl-Cys-Val-Ile-Ser-OH (22-27 Ci/mmol), was synthesized from N-acetyl-Cys-Val-Ile-Ser-OH and commercial [3H]farnesyl pyrophosphate via farnesyltransferase. The isoprenylated tetrapeptide was then used at a concentration (0.3 microM) well below Km (6 microM) in assays with a microsomal preparation of Ras-processing peptidase from bovine liver. Under assay conditions, the peptidase reaction followed first order kinetics with respect to the substrate, allowing the IC50 values for alternative substrates and inhibitors to approximate Km and Ki values, respectively. In a further simplification, substrate and N-acetyl-S-[3H]farnesyl-Cys-OH product were separated by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel plates using chloroform:acetic acid:methanol:acetone (60:5:10:20, v/v) as solvents. The assay does not require costly, specialized equipment and provides easy means for screening potential substrates and inhibitors of Ras-processing peptidase.

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of mechanically induced sustained flow reduction on intestinal hemodynamics and oxygenation in 3- and 35-day-old swine. In vitro gut loops were perfused under controlled-pressure conditions from an oxygenated blood reservoir at age-appropriate perfusion pressures; pressure was rapidly reduced to a level that lowered flow rate to approximately 50% of its baseline value, and pressure was then kept at that level for 2 h. In 3-day-old intestine, vascular resistance (Ri) increased by 20% immediately after pressure and flow reduction but then stabilized for 3-4 min; thereafter, flow began to decrease despite maintenance of perfusion pressure, so that Ri increased an additional 15% by 30 min after flow reduction. Flow continued to diminish over the next 90 min, though at much slower rate. Intestine from 35-day-old swine demonstrated an immediate increase in Ri after pressure and flow reduction, but thereafter Ri increased very little. The protocol was repeated within in vitro gut loops perfused under controlled-flow conditions, and within autoperfused, innervated gut loops developed in vivo and similar observations were made in both preparations. In 3-day-old intestine, pretreatment with the L-arginine analog Nomega-monomethyl-L-arginine (10(-4) M) had no effect on the immediate rise in resistance occurring in the first 1 min but substantially attenuated the subsequent slow, progressive rise noted thereafter. Pretreatment with the angiotensin 1A receptor antagonist losartan (2 x 10(-6) M) had no effect on hemodynamic changes during the first 60 min after mechanical perfusion pressure reduction but attenuated the very slight increase in resistance noted during the final 60 min of the protocol. The postnatal intestinal circulation demonstrates progressive vasoconstriction when its flow rate is mechanically reduced in a sustained manner, and this effect is age specific, occurring in 3- but not 35-day-old swine. These changes in gut vascular resistance may be consequent to loss of nitric oxide production and/or local production of angiotensin.