Lipomycin β
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| Category | Antibiotics |
| Catalog number | BBF-02264 |
| CAS | 51053-41-9 |
| Molecular Weight | 457.56 |
| Molecular Formula | C26H35NO6 |
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Description
It is produced by the strain of Str. aureofaciens Tu117. It has the activity of anti-gram-positive bacterial and no activity against fungi (including yeast).
Specification
| Synonyms | beta-Lipomycin; 2,5-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-4-(13-hydroxy-10,12,14-trimethyl-1-oxo-2,4,6,8,10-pentadecapentenyl)-1-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrrole-2-propanoic acid |
| IUPAC Name | 3-[4-[(2E,4E,6E,8E,10E)-1,13-dihydroxy-10,12,14-trimethylpentadeca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaenylidene]-1-methyl-3,5-dioxopyrrolidin-2-yl]propanoic acid |
| Canonical SMILES | CC(C)C(C(C)C=C(C)C=CC=CC=CC=CC(=C1C(=O)C(N(C1=O)C)CCC(=O)O)O)O |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C26H35NO6/c1-17(2)24(31)19(4)16-18(3)12-10-8-6-7-9-11-13-21(28)23-25(32)20(14-15-22(29)30)27(5)26(23)33/h6-13,16-17,19-20,24,28,31H,14-15H2,1-5H3,(H,29,30)/b8-6+,9-7+,12-10+,13-11+,18-16+,23-21? |
| InChI Key | ODUJVVXLDJSGMJ-HMMZFMOTSA-N |
Properties
| Antibiotic Activity Spectrum | Gram-positive bacteria |
| Solubility | Soluble in Ethanol, Methanol, DMF, DMSO; Poorly soluble in Water |
Reference Reading
1. Inhibitors of nuclear transport
David A Jans, Alexander J Martin, Kylie M Wagstaff Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2019 Jun;58:50-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.01.001. Epub 2019 Feb 28.
Central to eukaryotic cell function, transport into and out of the nucleus is largely mediated by members of the Importin (IMP) superfamily of transporters of α- and β-types. The first inhibitor of nuclear transport, leptomycin B (LMB), was shown to be a specific inhibitor of the IMPβ homologue Exportin 1 (EXP1) almost 20 years ago, but it has only been in the last five or so years that new inhibitors of nuclear export as well as import have been identified and characterised. Of utility in biological research, these inhibitors include those that target-specific EXPs/IMPs, with accompanying toxicity profiles, as well as agents that specifically target particular nuclear import cargoes. Both types of inhibitors have begun to be tested in preclinical/clinical studies, with particular focus on limiting various types of cancer or treating viral infection, and the most advanced agent targeting EXP1 (Selinexor) has progressed successfully through >40 clinical trials for a range of high-grade cancers and is approaching FDA approval for a number of indications. Selectively inhibiting the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of specific proteins of interest remains a challenge, but progress in the area of the host-pathogen interface holds promise for the future.
2. A Nuclear Export Signal Is Required for cGAS to Sense Cytosolic DNA
Hong Sun, Yu Huang, Shan Mei, Fengwen Xu, Xiaoman Liu, Fei Zhao, Lijuan Yin, Di Zhang, Liang Wei, Chao Wu, Shichao Ma, Jianwei Wang, Shan Cen, Chen Liang, Siqi Hu, Fei Guo Cell Rep. 2021 Jan 5;34(1):108586. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108586.
The cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a key DNA sensor that initiates STING-dependent signaling to produce type I interferons through synthesizing the secondary messenger 2'3'-cGAMP. In this study, we confirm previous studies showing that cGAS is located both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Nuclear accumulation is observed when leptomycin B is used to block the exportin, CRM1 protein. As a result, leptomycin B impairs the production of interferons in response to DNA stimulation. We further identify a functional nuclear export signal (NES) in cGAS, 169LEKLKL174. Mutating this NES leads to the sequestration of cGAS within the nucleus and the loss of interferon response to cytosolic DNA treatment, and it further determines the key amino acid to L172. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the cytosolic DNA-sensing function of cGAS depends on its presence within the cytoplasm, which is warranted by a functional NES.
3. Cytoplasmic-translocated Ku70 senses intracellular DNA and mediates interferon-lambda1 induction
Hongyan Sui, Qian Chen, Tomozumi Imamichi Immunology. 2021 Jul;163(3):323-337. doi: 10.1111/imm.13318. Epub 2021 Mar 7.
We have previously identified that human Ku70, a nuclear protein, serves as a cytosolic DNA sensor. Upon transfection with DNA or infection with DNA virus, Ku70 translocates from the nucleus into the cytoplasm and then predominately induces interferon lambda1 (IFN-λ1) rather than IFN-alpha or IFN-beta, through a STING-dependent signalling pathway. However, a detailed mechanism for Ku70 cytoplasmic translocation and its correlation with IFN-λ1 induction have not been fully elucidated. Here, we observed that cytoplasmic translocation of Ku70 only occurred in DNA-triggered IFN-λ1-inducible cells. Additionally, infection by Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), a DNA virus, induces cytoplasmic translocation of Ku70 and IFN-λ1 induction in a strain-dependent manner: the translocation and IFN-λ1 induction were detected upon infection by HSV-1 McKrae, but not MacIntyre, strain. A kinetic analysis indicated that cytoplasmic translocation of Ku70 was initiated right after DNA transfection and was peaked at 6 hr after DNA stimulation. Furthermore, treatment with leptomycin B, a nuclear export inhibitor, inhibited both Ku70 translocation and IFN-λ1 induction, suggesting that Ku70 translocation is an essential and early event for its cytosolic DNA sensing. We further confirmed that enhancing the acetylation status of the cells promotes Ku70's cytoplasmic accumulation, and therefore increases DNA-mediated IFN-λ1 induction. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanism by which the versatile sensor detects pathogenic DNA in a localization-dependent manner.
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Bio Calculators
* Our calculator is based on the following equation:
Concentration (start) x Volume (start) = Concentration (final) x Volume (final)
It is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2
* Total Molecular Weight:
g/mol
Tip: Chemical formula is case sensitive. C22H30N4O √ c22h30n40 ╳
