methyl 3-acetylursolate

The clinically used DNA-alkylating drug streptozotocin (STZ) was investigated using a simple work-up as an O-methylating agent to transform various carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids and phosphorous acids into corresponding methyl esters, and did so with yields of up to 97% in 4 h at room temperature. Good substrate tolerance was observed, and benefited from the mild conditions and compatibility of the reaction with water.

UV and VUV-induced processes in DNA/RNA nucleobases are central to understand photo-damaging and photo-protecting mechanisms in our genetic material. Here we model the events following photoionisation and electronic excitation in uracil, methylated in the 1' and 3' positions, using the correlated XMS-CASPT2 method. We compare our results against those for uracil and 5-methyl-uracil (thymine) previously published. We find 3-methylation, an epigenetic modification in non-negligible amounts, shows the largest differences in photoionised decay of all three derivatives studied compared to uracil itself. At the S0 minimum, 3-methyl-uracil (3mUra) shows almost degenerate excited cation states. Upon populating the cation manifold, a crossing is predicted featuring different topography compared to other methylated uracil species in this study. We find an effective 3-state conical intersection accessible for 3mUra+, which points towards an additional pathway for radiationless decay. 3-Methylation reduces the potential energy barrier mediating decay to the cation ground state, making it vanish and leading to a pathway that we expect will contribute to the fastest radiationless decay amongst all methylated uracil species studied to date. 1- and 5-methylation, on the other hand, give differences from uracil in detail only: ionisation potentials are slightly red-shifted and the potential energy barrier mediating decay to the cation ground state is small but almost unchanged. By comparing against CASSCF calculations, we establish XMS-CASPT2 is essential to correctly describe conical intersections for 3mUra+. Our calculations show how a chemical modification that seems relatively small electronically can nevertheless have a significant impact on the behaviour of electronic excited states: a single methylation in the 3' position alters the behaviour of the RNA base uracil and appears to open an additional pathway for radiationless decay following ionisation and electronic excitation.

Mercury (Hg) methylation, methylmercury (MeHg) demethylation, and inorganic redox transformations of Hg are microbe-mediating processes that determine the fate and cycling of Hg and MeHg in many environments, and by doing so influence the health of humans and wild life. The discovery of the Hg methylation genes, hgcAB, in the last decade together with advances in high throughput and genome sequencing methods, have resulted in an expanded appreciation of the diversity of Hg methylating microbes. This review aims to describe experimentally confirmed and recently discovered hgcAB gene-carrying Hg methylating microbes; phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses are presented. In addition, the current knowledge on transformation mechanisms, the organisms that carry them out, and the impact of environmental parameters on Hg methylation, MeHg demethylation, and inorganic Hg reduction and oxidation is summarized. This knowledge provides a foundation for future action toward mitigating the impact of environmental Hg pollution.