Roridin D
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| Category | Bioactive by-products |
| Catalog number | BBF-02200 |
| CAS | 14682-29-2 |
| Molecular Weight | 530.61 |
| Molecular Formula | C29H38O9 |
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Description
Roridin D is originally isolated from Myrothecium roridum S-1135 (NRRL 3005).
Specification
| Synonyms | Roridin-D; 7'-Deoxo-2'-deoxy-2',3'-epoxy-7'-(1-hydroxyethyl)verrucarin A; Verrucarin A, 7'-deoxo-2'-deoxy-2',3'-epoxy-7'-(1-hydroxyethyl)-; NSC-374338 |
| IUPAC Name | (19E,21E)-18-(1-hydroxyethyl)-5,14,26-trimethylspiro[2,10,13,17,24-pentaoxapentacyclo[23.2.1.03,8.08,26.012,14]octacosa-4,19,21-triene-27,2'-oxirane]-11,23-dione |
| Canonical SMILES | CC1=CC2C3(CC1)COC(=O)C4C(O4)(CCOC(C=CC=CC(=O)OC5C3(C6(CO6)C(C5)O2)C)C(C)O)C |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C29H38O9/c1-17-9-10-28-15-34-25(32)24-26(3,38-24)11-12-33-19(18(2)30)7-5-6-8-23(31)37-20-14-22(36-21(28)13-17)29(16-35-29)27(20,28)4/h5-8,13,18-22,24,30H,9-12,14-16H2,1-4H3/b7-5+,8-6+ |
| InChI Key | XZWOQFZHIMDODQ-KQQUZDAGSA-N |
| Source | Trichothecenes are produced on many different grains like wheat, oats or maize by various Fusarium species such as F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae and F. equiseti. |
Properties
| Appearance | Acicular Crystal |
| Boiling Point | 738.8±60.0°C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | 232-235°C |
| Density | 1.31±0.1 g/cm3 |
Toxicity
| Carcinogenicity | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
| Mechanism Of Toxicity | Roridin D is a trichothecene. Unlike many other mycotoxins, trichothecenes do not require metabolic activation to exert their biological activity, instead directly reacting with cellular components. Trichothecenes are cytotoxic to most eukaryotic cells due to their powerful ability to inhibit protein synthesis. They do this by freely moving across the plasma membrane and binding specifically to ribosomes with high-affinity. Specifically, they interfere with the active site of peptidyl transferase at the 3'-end of large 28S ribosomal RNA and inhibit the initiation, elongation or termination step of protein synthesis, as well as cause polyribosomal disaggregation. Protein synthesis is an essential function in all tissues, but tissues where cells are actively and rapidly growing and dividing are very susceptible to the toxins. Additionally, binding to ribosomes is thought to activate proteins in downstream signalling events related to immune response and apoptosis, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases. This is known as ribotoxic stress response. Trichothecenes may also induce some alterations in membrane structure, leading to increased lipid peroxidation and inhibition of electron transport activity in the mitochondria. They can further induce apoptosis through generation of reactive oxygen species. Further secondary effects of trichothecenes include inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis, and also inhibition of mitosis. |
Reference Reading
1. Types A and D Trichothecene Mycotoxins from the Fungus Myrothecium roridum
Waranya Lakornwong, Kwanjai Kanokmedhakul, Kasem Soytong, Arm Unartngam, Sarawut Tontapha, Vittaya Amornkitbamrung, Somdej Kanokmedhakul Planta Med. 2019 Jul;85(9-10):774-780. doi: 10.1055/a-0895-5753. Epub 2019 Apr 26.
Chromatographic separation of extracts from the fungal biomass of a plant pathogenic fungus, Myrothecium roridum, yielded 8 trichothecene toxins including 6 type D trichothecenes (1: -6: ) and 2 type A trichothecenes (7: -8: ). 6',12'-Epoxymyrotoxin A (1: ) and 7'-hydroxymytoxin B (2: ) were new macrocyclic trichothecenes, while the other trichothecenes were identified as myrotoxin B (3: ), myrotoxin D hydrate (4: ), 2',3'-epoxymyrothecine A (5: ), miotoxin A (6: ), and 2 trichothecenes lacking the macrocyclic lactone system, roridin L-2 (7: ) and trichoverritone (8: ). The structures of these mycotoxins were characterized using spectroscopic methods. The absolute configurations of 1: and 2: were determined by NOESY and a comparison of their experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Most of these mycotoxins (1: -4: and 6: ) exhibited highly potent antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. They also showed strong cytotoxicity towards KB and NCI-H187 cell lines (IC50 0.60 - 112.28 nM), as well as the Vero cell line (IC50 1.50 - 46.51 nM).
2. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw
Sebastian Ulrich, Christoph Gottschalk, Barbara Biermaier, Eunike Bahlinger, Magdalena Twarużek, Sarah Asmussen, Margit Schollenberger, Hana Valenta, Frank Ebel, Sven Dänicke Arch Anim Nutr. 2021 Apr;75(2):105-120. doi: 10.1080/1745039X.2021.1877075. Epub 2021 Feb 21.
Straw is the main by-product of grain production, used as bedding material and animal feed. If produced or stored under adverse hygienic conditions, straw is prone to the growth of filamentous fungi. Some of them, e.g. Aspergillus, Fusarium and Stachybotrys spp. are well-known mycotoxin producers. Since studies on mycotoxins in straw are scarce, 192 straw samples (wheat n = 80; barley n = 79; triticale n = 12; oat n = 11; rye n = 12) were collected across Germany within the German official feed surveillance and screened for the presence of 21 mycotoxins. The following mycotoxins (positive samples for at least one mycotoxin n = 184) were detected: zearalenone (n = 86, 6.0-785 μg/kg), nivalenol (n = 51, 30-2,600 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (n = 156, 20-24,000 μg/kg), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 34, 20-2,400 μg/kg), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 16, 40-340 μg/kg), scirpentriol (n = 14, 40-680 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (n = 67, 10-250 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (n = 92, 20-800 μg/kg), T-2 tetraol (n = 13, 70-480 μg/kg). 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (30 μg/kg) and T-2 triol (60 μg/kg) were only detected in one barley sample. Macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, F, roridin E, and verrucarin J) were also found in only one barley sample (quantified as roridin A equivalent: total 183 μg/kg). The occurrence of stachybotrylactam was monitored for the first time in four samples (n = 4, 0.96-7.4 μg/kg). Fusarenon-X, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, satratoxin H and roridin-L2 were not detectable in the samples. The results indicate a non-negligible contribution of straw to oral and possibly inhalation exposure to mycotoxins of animals or humans handling contaminated straw.
3. Trichothecenes in food and feed: Occurrence, impact on human health and their detection and management strategies
Dipendra Kumar Mahato, Shikha Pandhi, Madhu Kamle, Akansha Gupta, Bharti Sharma, Brajesh Kumar Panda, Shubhangi Srivastava, Manoj Kumar, Raman Selvakumar, Arun Kumar Pandey, Priyanka Suthar, Shalini Arora, Arvind Kumar, Shirani Gamlath, Ajay Bharti, Pradeep Kumar Toxicon. 2022 Mar;208:62-77. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.01.011. Epub 2022 Jan 31.
Trichothecenes (TCNs) are the mycotoxins produced by many fungal species such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys and pose a considerable health risk. Based on their characteristic functional moieties, they are divided into four categories: Type A (T-2, HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), harzianum A, neosolaniol (NEO) and trichodermin), Type B (deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), trichothecin and fusarenon X), Type C (crotocin) and Type D (satratoxin G & H, roridin A and verrucarin A) with types A and B being the most substantial. TCNs cause growth retardation in eukaryotes, suppress seedling growth or regeneration in plants and could be a reason for animal reproductive failure. Due to the increased frequency of occurrence and widespread distribution of TCNs in food and feed, knowledge of their sources of occurrence is essential to strategise their control and management. Hence, this review provides an overview of various types and sources of TCNs, the associated biosynthetic pathways and genes responsible for production in food and feed. Further, various processing and environmental effects on TCNs production, detection techniques and management strategies are also briefly outlined.
Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive
Experimental Conditions
Ionization Mode: Positive
Collision Energy: 10 eV
Instrument Type: QTOF (generic), spectrum predicted by CFM-ID
Mass Resolution: 0.0001 Da
Collision Energy: 10 eV
Instrument Type: QTOF (generic), spectrum predicted by CFM-ID
Mass Resolution: 0.0001 Da
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Bio Calculators
* Our calculator is based on the following equation:
Concentration (start) x Volume (start) = Concentration (final) x Volume (final)
It is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2
* Total Molecular Weight:
g/mol
Tip: Chemical formula is case sensitive. C22H30N4O √ c22h30n40 ╳
