Simonyellin

The biotensegrity view of the living is a theoretical model and there is no mathematical study in vitro or in vivo that demonstrates its validity, taking into account the presence of liquids (blood, lymph, water), the tension produced by nerves and blood vessels, just as the displacement of the viscera and their resistances and contractions are not taken into consideration. The concept of cellular transduction is reviewed as it is the key to understanding if the passage of different mechanical information occurs only through solid structures, such as the cytoskeleton, or even liquid and viscous. The article focuses on reviewing the weaknesses of the biotensegrity model in the light of new scientific information, trying to coin another term that better reflects the dynamics of living: fascintegrity.

The diaphragm muscle is the most important contractile district used for breathing. Like other muscles in the human body, it is subject to ageing and sarcopenia. Sarcopenia can be classified as primary (or age-related) when there are no local or systemic pathologies that cause a functional and morphological detriment of skeletal musculature. Secondary sarcopenia occurs when there is a cause or more pathological causes (illness, malnutrition, immobility) related or unrelated to ageing. In the elderly population, transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) decreases by 20-41%, with a decline in the overall strength of 30% (the strength of the expiratory muscles also decreases). The article discusses the adaptation of the diaphragm muscle to ageing and some other ailments and co-morbidities, such as back pain, emotional alterations, motor incoordination, and cognitive disorders, which are related to breathing.

The application of cranial osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) is always controversial in the literature. Primary respiration related to the movement of spheno-basilar synchondrosis in the adult goes against the knowledge of complete ossification that occurs at this articulation after the pubertal phase. The idea that the operator's hands can communicate with the meninges is difficult to accept. The anatomy shows us that the fascial system involves the meninges and that from the microcellular point of view there are no layers that divide one tissue from another. The backing of new sciences, such as quantum physics, suggest that cranial palpation allows the osteopath to come into contact with the meninges. Recent scientific evidence shows that meningeal afferents can affect extracranial areas and that the pericranial musculature itself is able to influence these afferents. The article highlights some reflections in support of cranial osteopathy, based on scientific information that could help the osteopath to improve clinical work.