Aflatoxin G2
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| Category | Mycotoxins |
| Catalog number | BBF-04110 |
| CAS | 7241-98-7 |
| Molecular Weight | 330.29 |
| Molecular Formula | C17H14O7 |
| Purity | >98% |
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Description
Aflatoxin G2 is a naturally occuring mycotoxin produced by various species of the mold Aspergillus, which can be found in legumes, corn, soybeans, rice, milk, and cheese.
Specification
| Synonyms | Dihydroaflatoxin G1; 5-Methoxy-3,4,7a,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1H,12H-furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-H]pyrano[3,4-c]chromene-1,12-dione |
| Storage | Store at 2-8°C |
| IUPAC Name | (3S,7R)-11-methoxy-6,8,16,20-tetraoxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.03,7.013,18]icosa-1,9,11,13(18)-tetraene-17,19-dione |
| Canonical SMILES | COC1=C2C3=C(C(=O)OCC3)C(=O)OC2=C4C5CCOC5OC4=C1 |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C17H14O7/c1-20-9-6-10-12(8-3-5-22-17(8)23-10)14-11(9)7-2-4-21-15(18)13(7)16(19)24-14/h6,8,17H,2-5H2,1H3/t8-,17+/m0/s1 |
| InChI Key | WPCVRWVBBXIRMA-WNWIJWBNSA-N |
| Source | The native habitat of Aspergillus is in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration and it invades all types of organic substrates whenever conditions are favorable for its growth. |
Properties
| Appearance | Light Yellow Powder |
| Boiling Point | 602.5°C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | 237-240°C |
| Density | 1.55 g/cm3 |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMF, DMSO, methanol, ethanol |
Toxicity
| Carcinogenicity | 1, carcinogenic to humans |
| Mechanism Of Toxicity | Aflatoxins produce singlet oxygen upon their exposure to UV (365 nm) light. Singlet oxygen in turn activates them to mutagens and DNA binding species. Aflatoxin metabolites can intercalate into DNA and alkylate the bases through their epoxide moiety, binding particularity to N7-guanine bases. In addition to randomly mutating DNA, this is thought to cause mutations in the p53 gene, an important gene in preventing cell cycle progression when there are DNA mutations, or signaling apoptosis. |
Reference Reading
1.Simultaneous Determination of Multi-Mycotoxins in Cereal Grains Collected from South Korea by LC/MS/MS.
Kim DH;Hong SY;Kang JW;Cho SM;Lee KR;An TK;Lee C;Chung SH Toxins (Basel). 2017 Mar 16;9(3). pii: E106. doi: 10.3390/toxins9030106.
An improved analytical method compared with conventional ones was developed for simultaneous determination of 13 mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetylnivalenol, aflatoxin B₁, aflatoxin B₂, aflatoxin G₁, aflatoxin G₂, fumonisin B₁, fumonisin B₂, T-2, HT-2, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A) in cereal grains by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) after a single immunoaffinity column clean-up. The method showed a good linearity, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in mycotoxin determination by LC/MS/MS. The levels of 13 mycotoxins in 5 types of commercial grains (brown rice, maize, millet, sorghum, and mixed cereal) from South Korea were determined in a total of 507 cereal grains. Mycotoxins produced from ;Fusarium; sp. (fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and zearalenone) were more frequently (more than 5%) and concurrently detected in all cereal grains along with higher mean levels (4.3-161.0 ng/g) in positive samples than other toxins such as aflatoxins and ochratoxin A (less than 9% and below 5.
2.Mycotoxin production in wheat grains by different Aspergilli in relation to different relative humidities and storage periods.
Atalla MM;Hassanein NM;El-Beih AA;Youssef YA Nahrung. 2003 Feb;47(1):6-10.
Four different Aspergilli (Aspergillus oryzae, A. parasiticus, A. terreus and A. versicolor) were grown on wheat grains underdifferent degrees of relative humidity 14, 50, 74, 80 and 90%. Samples of wheat grains were taken monthly for a period of six months and examined for mycotoxin production. A. oryzae was found to produce aflatoxins B1, B2, zearalenone, DON and T-2 toxins under elevated degrees of humidity and prolonged periods of storage. A. parasiticus produced aflatoxins B1, G1, NIV, DON and T-2 toxins in high concentrations during a period of not more than three months storage at 14% relative humidity; at an increased level of relative humidity of 74% ochratoxin A, zearalenone and sterigmatocystin were also produced at high levels. The isolate was drastic in toxin production. A. terrus produced toxins at 14% relative humidity (aflatoxin G2 and DON) at levels much higher than any other prevalent degrees of humidity. A. versicolor is highly sensitive to relative humidity and grain moisture content It produced aflatoxins B1, G1, NIV and DON at a relative humidity of 50% and another toxins (aflatoxin G2, ochratoxins A, B and zearalenone) at 74%.
3.Aflatoxin levels in chronic hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma in Balıkesir, Turkey.
Aydın M;Aydın S;Bacanlı M;Başaran N J Viral Hepat. 2015 Nov;22(11):926-35. doi: 10.1111/jvh.12410. Epub 2015 Apr 20.
Aflatoxins, the secondary metabolites produced by species of naturally occurring Aspergilli, are commonly found in food such as cereals, dried fruits and juice, wine, beer and spices. They are hepatotoxic and are well known human carcinogens based on evidence from human studies. Aflatoxins are an environmental risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chronic hepatitis B-infected patients are at increased risk of cirrhosis, hepatic failure and liver cancer. This study was designed to determine the serum aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2 ), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1 ) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2 ) concentrations using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in hepatitis B-infected patients with or without cirrhosis and liver cancer, alongside healthy controls in Balıkesir, Turkey. The mean AFB1 and total AF levels in patients without liver cancer and cirrhosis were significantly higher than healthy controls. The mean AFB1 and total AF levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B and HCC were significantly higher than infected patients with or without cirrhosis.
Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive
Experimental Conditions
Ionization Mode: Positive
Collision Energy: 10 eV
Instrument Type: QTOF (generic), spectrum predicted by CFM-ID
Mass Resolution: 0.0001 Da
Collision Energy: 10 eV
Instrument Type: QTOF (generic), spectrum predicted by CFM-ID
Mass Resolution: 0.0001 Da
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Bio Calculators
* Our calculator is based on the following equation:
Concentration (start) x Volume (start) = Concentration (final) x Volume (final)
It is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2
* Total Molecular Weight:
g/mol
Tip: Chemical formula is case sensitive. C22H30N4O √ c22h30n40 ╳
