Galbonolide A
* Please be kindly noted products are not for therapeutic use. We do not sell to patients.
| Category | Bioactive by-products |
| Catalog number | BBF-01476 |
| CAS | 100227-57-4 |
| Molecular Weight | 380.47 |
| Molecular Formula | C21H32O6 |
| Purity | 96% |
Online Inquiry
Description
Galbonolide A is originally isolated from Micromonospora chalcea. It is a 14-membered macrolide identified as an inhibitor of plant pathogenic fungi.
Specification
| Synonyms | Rustmicin; Erythronolide A, 6,7,10,11,12,20-hexadehydro-6-demethyl-9-deoxo-3,5,11,12-tetradeoxy-4,17-dihydroxy-6-O-methyl-3-oxo-; Erythronolide A |
| Storage | 2-8°C |
| IUPAC Name | (3R,7Z,9S,12E,14S)-14-ethyl-5-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-3,9,13-trimethyl-11-methylidene-1-oxacyclotetradeca-7,12-diene-2,4-dione |
| Canonical SMILES | CCC1C(=CC(=C)CC(C=C(CC(C(=O)C(C(=O)O1)C)(CO)O)OC)C)C |
| InChI | InChI=1S/C21H32O6/c1-7-18-15(4)9-13(2)8-14(3)10-17(26-6)11-21(25,12-22)19(23)16(5)20(24)27-18/h9-10,14,16,18,22,25H,2,7-8,11-12H2,1,3-6H3/b15-9+,17-10-/t14-,16+,18-,21?/m0/s1 |
| InChI Key | WOFFENQLRMDHKE-CJAJMRFHSA-N |
Properties
| Appearance | Colorless Acicular Crystalline |
| Antibiotic Activity Spectrum | fungi |
| Boiling Point | 581.5°C at 760 mmHg |
| Melting Point | 68°C |
| Density | 1.12 g/cm3 |
Reference Reading
1. In vitro reconstitution of a PKS pathway for the biosynthesis of galbonolides in Streptomyces sp. LZ35
Chao Liu, Jing Zhu, Yaoyao Li, Juanli Zhang, Chunhua Lu, Haoxin Wang, Yuemao Shen Chembiochem. 2015 Apr 13;16(6):998-1007. doi: 10.1002/cbic.201500017. Epub 2015 Mar 3.
The galbonolides are 14-membered macrolide antibiotics with a macrocyclic backbone similar to that of erythromycins. Galbonolides exhibit broad-spectrum antifungal activities. Retro-biosynthetic analysis suggests that the backbone of galbonolides is assembled by a type I modular polyketide synthase (PKS). Unexpectedly, the galbonolide biosynthetic gene cluster, gbn, in Streptomyces sp. LZ35 encodes a hybrid fatty acid synthase (FAS)-PKS pathway. In vitro reconstitution revealed the functions of GbnA (an AT-ACP didomain protein), GbnC (a FabH-like enzyme), and GbnB (a novel multidomain PKS module without AT and ACP domains) responsible for assembling the backbone of galbonolides, respectively. To our knowledge, this study is the first biochemical characterization of a hybrid FAS-PKS pathway for the biosynthesis of 14-membered macrolides. The identification of this pathway provides insights into the evolution of PKSs and could facilitate the design of modular pools for synthetic biology.
2. Heterologous expression of galbonolide biosynthetic genes in Streptomyces coelicolor
Chao Liu, Juanli Zhang, Chunhua Lu, Yuemao Shen Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2015 May;107(5):1359-66. doi: 10.1007/s10482-015-0415-5. Epub 2015 Mar 4.
The galbonolide antibiotics are non-glycosylated heptaketide 14-membered macrolides. These antibiotics exhibit broad-spectrum fungicidal activities, including against the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Previously, galbonolides B and E were isolated from the marine actinomycete Streptomyces sp. LZ35. By bioinformatics analysis, the putative galbonolide biosynthetic gene cluster, gbn, was identified in the genome of strain LZ35. In order to verify that the core genes (gbnA-E) are sufficient for synthesizing the basic structure of galbonolide as previously proposed, we performed the heterologous expression of gbnA-E in a "clean background" host Streptomyces coelicolor ZM12, in which all the native polyketide synthase genes have been deleted. As expected, the production of galbonolide B (1) was detected in the transformant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrates the essential role of gbnA-E in the biosynthesis of galbonolides by heterologous expression. This heterologous expression system would be helpful to generate novel galbonolide derivatives by co-overexpression of unusual biosynthesis extender units.
3. Novel Promising Antifungal Target Proteins for Conquering Invasive Fungal Infections
Cheng Zhen, Hui Lu, Yuanying Jiang Front Microbiol. 2022 Jun 16;13:911322. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911322. eCollection 2022.
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) pose a serious clinical problem, but the antifungal arsenal is limited and has many disadvantages, such as drug resistance and toxicity. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop antifungal compounds that target novel target proteins of pathogenic fungi for treating IFIs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the biological functions of novel promising target proteins for treating IFIs in pathogenic fungi and their inhibitors. Inhibitors of inositol phosphoramide (IPC) synthases (such as Aureobasidin A, Khafrefungin, Galbonolide A, and Pleofungin A) have potent antifungal activities by inhibiting sphingolipid synthesis. Disrupting glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis by Jawsamycin (an inhibitor of Spt14), M720 (an inhibitor of Mcd4), and APX001A (an inhibitor of Gwt1) is a promising strategy for treating IFIs. Turbinmicin is a natural-compound inhibitor of Sec14 and has extraordinary antifungal efficacy, broad-antifungal spectrum, low toxicity, and is a promising new compound for treating IFIs. CMLD013075 targets fungal heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and has remarkable antifungal efficacy. Olorofim, as an inhibitor of dihydrolactate dehydrogenase, is a breakthrough drug treatment for IFIs. These novel target proteins and their inhibitors may overcome the limitations of currently available antifungal drugs and improve patient outcomes in the treatment of IFIs.
Recommended Products
| BBF-00764 | Cerebroside C | Inquiry |
| BBF-02642 | Lactonamycin | Inquiry |
| BBF-01825 | Loganin | Inquiry |
| BBF-02614 | Nystatin | Inquiry |
| BBF-03754 | CASTANOSPERMINE | Inquiry |
| BBF-00677 | 3-Amino-3-deoxy-D-glucose | Inquiry |
Bio Calculators
* Our calculator is based on the following equation:
Concentration (start) x Volume (start) = Concentration (final) x Volume (final)
It is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2
* Total Molecular Weight:
g/mol
Tip: Chemical formula is case sensitive. C22H30N4O √ c22h30n40 ╳
