Bioactive by-products

Lutein is a xanthophyll isolated from the herbs of Tagetes erecta. It is isomeric with zeaxanthin thus has similar properties as zeaxanthin. Lutein exhibits antioxidant, antimutagenic and anti-tumor effects, and has the potential to treat macular degeneration. Lutein can be used in food additive. Lutein has antioxidant activity, which can protect skin cells well, make skin cells resist oxidation from the very beginning, stay away from the harm of free radicals, play a strong role in whitening, freckling, wrinkling, moisturizing, increasing skin elasticity, improve skin luster and smoothness, and delay skin aging.

Ustusolate E is a metabolite of marine-derived fungus Aspergillus ustus 094102. Ustusolate E exhibits cytotoxic activity against A549 and HL-60 cell lines.

Ustusolate C is produced by Aspergillus ustus. Study shows that it has moderate cytotoxicity against A549 and HL-60 cells.

Ustusolate A is produced by Aspergillus ustus and exerts weak cytotoxicity against HL-60 and A549 cells with IC50 values of 20.6 and 30.0 microM, respectively.

It is a natural antidepressant produced by the strain of Hypericium perforatum (plant extract). It is an anti-retroviral agent and protein kinaze-C inhibitor.

10,11-Dihydro-24-hydroxyaflavinine is a metabolite of Aspergillus flavus. It shows insecticidal properties.

Tryprostatin A is a natural compound isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus and arrests cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase.

Azithromycin is produced by the strain of Erythromycin. The antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetic properties are better than erythromycin, and it is widely used in clinic.

Ketoconazole inhibits cyclosporine oxidase and testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylase with IC50 of 0.19 mM and 0.22 mM, respectively. It is used primarily to treat fungal infections.

Spirotryprostatin A is an indole alkaloid found in Aspergillus fumigatus fungus, which exhibits anti-mitotic activity.

Aloe-emodin is an interferon-inducing agent with IC50 of about 1 μg/mL for JEV and of about 0.33 μg/mL for EV71. Aloe-emodin has anti-tumor activity, antibacterial activity, immunosuppressive effect, and purgative effect. It is now widely used as a raw material for medicines and cosmetics.

It was isolated from Garcinia mangostana Linn (Guttiferae). It is an anti-inflammatory agent. It can inhibit the activity of COX-2, an inhibitor of mutant IDH1 (IDH1-R132H).

Menaquinone 7 is a form of vitamin K2, which includes nine related compounds. Menaquinone 7 is a long-chain menaquinone that is synthesized by Escherichia coli bacteria in the gut. It can be used as a supplement for bone health. Menaquinone 7 can be used as vitamin supplement in health care products.

Withaferin A, also referred to as D004, NSC 101088, used as an important medicinal herb for over 3000 years, is a steroidal lactone derived from Acnistus arborescens, Withania somnifera and other members of Solanaceae family. This natural product has wide range of pharmacological application comprising of anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, antiangiogenic, etc. It inhibits NF-kB activation and targets vimentin.