Mycotoxins

Catalog	Product Name / CAS / Description	Structure
BBF-05594	Violaceol II (81827-49-8) Inquiry
	It is a mycotoxin isolated from Emericella violacea and Aspergillus spp. It has weak activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and yeast.
BBF-05667	Deoxyradicinol (97588-11-9) Inquiry
	Deoxyradicinol, a novel compound with phytotoxic activity, is isolated from liquid cultures of Alternaria helianthi.
BBF-05703	Thailanstatin D (1609105-89-6) Inquiry
	Thailanstatin D inhibits AR-V7 gene splicing by interfering the interaction between U2AF65 and SAP155 and preventing them from binding to polypyrimidine tract located between the branch point and the 3' splice site. Thailanstatin D exhibits a potent tumor inhibitory effect on human CRPC xenografts leading to cell apoptosis.
BBF-05704	Thailanstatin C (1426953-24-3) Inquiry
	Thailanstatin C is an antiproliferative agent and pre-mRNA splicing inhibitor (IC50 = 6.84 μM) from Burkholderia thailandensis MSMB43.
BBF-05705	Thailanstatin B (1426953-23-2) Inquiry
	Thailanstatin B is a pre-mRNA splicing inhibitor. Thailanstatin B is used as a cytotoxin for ADCs.
BBF-05708	Ansamitocin derivative TN-006 (72902-38-6) Inquiry
	Ansamitocin derivative TN-006 is a derivative of Ansamitocin, a family of polyketide antibiotics comprising a naphthalene/benzene or napthaquinone/benzoquinone ring system bridged at nonadjacent positions by an aliphatic chain.
BBF-05713	Dov-Val-Dil-OH (133120-89-5) Inquiry
	Dov-Val-Dil-OH is an intermediate of dolastoxin, a cytotoxic liner peptide produced by Dolabbella auriclaria which exhibits potent antitumor activity.
BBF-05735	Exotoxin A (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) (91262-95-2) Inquiry
	Exotoxin A is an exotoxin derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was shown to inhibit protein synthesis through ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2.
BBF-05787	Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B2 (147985-10-2) Inquiry
	Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B2 is a metabolite of Fumonisin B2, a mycotoxin produced by mold associated with corn.
BBF-05788	Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 (145040-09-1) Inquiry
	Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 is the backbone and main hydrolysis product of the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1. Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 can weakly inhibit ceramide synthase.
BBF-05792	15-Acetyl-DON (88337-96-6) Inquiry
	15-Acetyl-DON is a mycotoxin produced by the fungi Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum. It can inhibit protein synthesis.
BBF-05793	Tenuazonic acid Copper Salt (12427-40-6) Inquiry
	Tenuazonic Acid Copper Salt is an alternaria mycotoxin, found in common edible crops. It inhibits protein synthesis in fibroblasts.
BBF-05795	Aflatoxin Q1 (52819-96-2) Inquiry
	Aflatoxin Q1 is a metabolite of Aflatoxin B1. It is created in human body as a in-vivo detoxification process of Aflatoxin B1.
BBF-05797	(S)-10,11-Dehydrocurvularin (21178-57-4) Inquiry
	It is a natural mycotoxin that has cytotoxic activity against select cancer cell lines. It has been shown to activate the heat shock response, block TGF-β signaling, and scavenge superoxide anions.
BBF-05828	Exatecan (171335-80-1) Inquiry
	Exatecan is an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I, with an IC50 of 2.2 μM (0.975 μg/mL). It can be used to study cancer.
BBF-05830	MMAF Hydrochloride (1415246-68-2) Inquiry
	MMAF Hydrochloride, a synthetic antineoplastic agent, is a tubulin polymerization inhibitor that inhibits cell division by blocking the polymerization of tubulin. It is part of some experimental anti-cancer antibody-drug conjugates such as vorsetuzumab mafodotin and SGN-CD19A.
BBF-05888	(S)-4-Ethyl-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-f]indolizine-3,6,10(4H)-trione (110351-94-5) Inquiry
	(S)-4-Ethyl-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-f]indolizine-3,6,10(4H)-trione is a key intermediate for the synthesis of irinotecan and camptothecin analogues. It is also an ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
BBF-05889	(1R,9S)-Exatecan mesylate (2231666-58-1) Inquiry
	(1R,9S)-Exatecan mesylate is an isomer of Exatecan mesylate, which is a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor used to study cancer.
BBF-05898	Fmoc-3VVD-OH (863971-44-2) Inquiry
	Fmoc-3VVD-OH is a cleavable ADC linker used to synthesize antibody-drug conjugations (ADCs).
BBF-05899	N-Methyl-N-[(3-methyldithio)-1-oxopropyl]-L-alanine (138148-62-6) Inquiry
	N-Methyl-N-[(3-methyldithio)-1-oxopropyl]-L-alanine, a microtubule inhibitor, is a PEG linker used in antibody-drug-conjugation (ADC).

BOC Sciences has been committed to providing customers with a rich variety of mycotoxins.

What are mycotoxins?

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi. They possess comparatively low molecular masses. Currently, scientific knowledge encompasses around 500 unique mycotoxins, which encompass a diverse array of structural variations and physicochemical properties. Prominent mycotoxins comprise patulin, zearalenone, Alternaria toxins, aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, and ergot alkaloids; they also include trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and deoxynivalenol (DON). Agricultural commodities and animal feedstuff frequently serve as reservoirs for mycotoxins, which are ubiquitous toxic substances that may originate in the field due to improper storage practices and particular weather conditions. The potential economic loss and serious health problems that may result from ingestion in both people and animals make mycotoxin contamination a very serious matter. Cancer causing properties, immune system suppression, neurological system damage, and liver and kidney diseases are all part of the list. The constant need to address the issue of mycotoxin contamination necessitates the revision of laws and regulations.

Types of mycotoxins

The mycotoxins produced by fungi can be classified into several categories, including aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PT), sterigmatocystin (STC), trichothecenes (TCTs), fumonisins (FBs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), alternariol (AOH), tenuazonic acid, and alternariol monomethyl ether.

Around the world, A. flavus and A. parasiticus are the primary producers of aflatoxin, which is a mycotoxin that is extremely hazardous to human health. A total of four primary categories are included in it, including B1, B2, G1, and G2. A. flavus has been determined to be the causative agent for the synthesis of B toxins, with B1 being the most widespread. B1 is known to possess both genotoxic and highly carcinogenic properties. Maize and cotton produce higher quantities of AFs produced by A. flavus compared to other crops. Nevertheless, Aspergillus flavus (AF) colonies derived from A. parasiticus are commonly detected in groundnuts, usually referred to as peanuts. F-2 mycotoxin, often known as ZEA, is a distinct kind of mycotoxin. Several species of Fusarium produce toxic chemicals including deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone (ZEA), and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS). These toxins provide a substantial danger to farmers who raise animals and poultry.

FB1 and FB2 are the constituents of fumonisins, which are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium. Fusarium verticillioides is a fungus that mostly affects maize, wheat, and several other grains. It produces FB1, which is the most common toxin among the Fusarium molds. Additional evidence indicates that F. verticillioides and F. moniliforme are the causative agents for the synthesis of FB2, which has a structural resemblance to FB1. FB2 exhibits more cytotoxicity compared to FB1, and it further hinders the function of acylsphingosine transferase. Furthermore, maize and other commodities are contaminated by FB2 contamination.

When it comes to ochratoxins, there are three different kinds of ochratoxins that may be found in food commodities. These ochratoxins are referred to as OTA, OTB, and OTC. Penicillium verrucosum and species of Aspergillus, such as A. carbonarius and A. ochraceus, are responsible for the production of OTA, which is the mycotoxin that is detected in foodstuffs at the highest concentration.

The fungi Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium are responsible for the production of PT, which is commonly found in apples that have gone bad. It has been demonstrated that PT inhibits the growth of some germs through its antimicrobial properties. Because of the potential dangers to human health, a number of nations have imposed restrictions on the amount of PT that may be found in certain goods.

Chemical structure of some of the important mycotoxins. (Malhotra B D., et al., 2014)

Characteristics of Mycotoxins

Mycotoxins are a large family with a molecular weight of 200-500 kD with different chemical properties.

• High efficiency: very low concentration can produce obvious toxicity
• High stability: small molecule compounds, stable properties, high temperature resistance, acid resistance
• Enrichment: resistance to chemical biological agents and physical inactivation
• Specificity: the molecular structure is different, the toxicity is quite different
• Synergy: The combined effect of multiple mycotoxins is higher than the cumulative addition of the effects of a single mycotoxin.

Application of Mycotoxins

Aflatoxin is a strong carcinogen and is related to the onset of liver cancer. The erythrenone in common corn has an estrogen-like effect. The ergotoxine secreted by clavieps purpurea has a strong effect of constricting arteries and blood vessels, resulting in limb necrosis. However, certain ergot preparations can be used as uterine contractors.

Mycotoxin test

Aflatoxins, also known as AF, are a series of secondary fungal metabolites that are generated by Aspergillus Flavus and Aspergillus Parasiticus under certain circumstances. They are the most extensively distributed group of toxins that lead to the contamination of food goods. Molds of the genus Aspergillus are found in a wide variety of foods and feeds, including milk, cheese, maize, peanuts, cottonseed, almonds, figs, cereals, and a number of other foods and feeds. Aspergillus usually grows on crops, such as grains and nuts. The ingestion of aflatoxin-contaminated feed by animals can occasionally result in the contamination of other foods, including milk, eggs, and meat products. Aspergillus can also be found growing on materials such as dirt, hay, and vegetation that has decomposed. The optimal circumstances for the growth of Aspergillus on organic materials are when the temperature is warm and when the substance has a high level of moisture (at least seven percent). Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 are the most prominent members of the array of 18 distinct kinds of aflatoxins that have been found. There is a significant fluorescence produced by the aflatoxins when exposed to UV light (365 nm). B1 and B2 create a blue fluorescence, whereas G1 and G2 produce a green fluorescence. With AFB1 being the most powerful, AFG1 being the most carcinogenic, AFG2 being the most mutagenic, and AFG2 being the most immunosuppressive, the aflatoxins are known to be extremely poisonous. Aflatoxin B1, sometimes referred to as AFB1, is the most common and potent carcinogen among them. It has the ability to induce cancer in people and is mostly responsible for the development of liver cancer in animals. When cows ingest AFB1 as part of their diet, it undergoes a process that leads to the development of its hydroxylated metabolite, known as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is then excreted in the milk production process. In the European Union (EU), there is a rule that restricts the amount of AFB1 in foods meant for direct human consumption to 2.0 μg/kg.

A number of different food items contain AFB1 at concentrations that are in the low sub-nanogram per gram range. Considering that low parts per billion (ppb) concentrations are often involved, it is necessary to have analytical procedures that are extremely sensitive in order to identify AFB1. Consequently, the approved techniques for AFB1 monitoring are the chromatographic analytical equipment, which include thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence or mass detector. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are frequently used for routine screening of AFB1. These assays have the capability of processing a high number of samples in a single experiment, which makes them ideal for routine screening. Nevertheless, they include lengthy, arduous, and tiresome methods as well as cross-reactivity phenomena that, despite the fact that they occasionally might be beneficial for the evaluation of the whole toxicity, may result in false positive findings for the diagnosis of a single mycotoxin.

References

1. Fernandes T., et al., Impact of Toxigenic Fungi: An Economic and Health Obstruction to Wellness in Mozambique, European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2021, 3(5): 123-135.
2. Malhotra B D., et al., Nanomaterial-based biosensors for food toxin detection, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 2014, 174: 880-896.
3. Pandey A K., et al., Fungal mycotoxins in food commodities: present status and future concerns, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2023, 7: 1162595.