Mycotoxins

A potent tremorgenic mycotoxin originally isolated from penicillium roqueforti. It is a penicillium commercially used to ripen blue-veined cheese.

The acetonitrile solution of 0.5 ppm for each of four mixed Aflatoxin species: Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin B2, Aflatoxin G1 and Aflatoxin G2, could be commonly used as a standard solution.

The 50ppm for each acetonitrile-water 1:1 solution of Fumonisin B1 and Fumonisin B2, could be used as a standard solution.

Territrem B is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Aspergillus terreus that irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

A mycotoxin produced by several species of fusarium. It exhibits pronounced estrogenic activity, like other zearalenones. It is an important food quality issue for both human and animal health.

A xanthone isolated from several species of aspergillus including A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. versicolor and B. piluliferum. It is a carcinogenic precursor of aflatoxin, and structurally related to the aflatoxins.

Sorokinianin acts as an inhibitor of barley germination that exerts antifungal activity. Sorokinianin is a phytotoxic fungal metabolite isolated from the culture filtrates of the fungus Drechslera cynodontis.

Prehelminthosporolactone is a phytotoxin produced by Bipolaris sp.

Prehelminthosporol is a phytotoxin produced by Bipolaris sorokiniana.

Dihydroprehelminthosporol is a phytotoxic metabolite produced from the culture filtrates of a Bipolaris species pathogenic to Johnson grass.

Victoxinine is a toxic metabolite of Helminthosporium victoriae.

Cyclo(D-Phe-L-Pro) is a cyclodipeptide phytotoxin produced by Alternaria alternata and streptomyces rochei.

Tentoxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide isolated from the plant pathogen A. alternata, has been found to restrain chloroplast development so that could be used as a natural herbicide. It is a selectively phytotoxic compound and used to eliminate polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity from seedlings of higher plants.

The 50 ppm acetonitrile solution of Alternariol monomethyl ether, shows activities as a cholinesterase inhibitor as well as an anti-fungal agent, could be commonly used as a standard solution. It is an alternaria mycotoxin and genotoxin, which can inhibit the activity of DNA-topoisomerases.

A minor component of the ochratoxin complex produced by Aspergillus orchraceus and penicillium sp. It is a mycotoxin associated with food spoilage. It is the ethyl ester of ochratoxin A and represents a different hazard to the acidic major components ochratoxins A and B.

Averantin is an anthraquinone fungal metabolite produced by Aspergillus sp. associated with Panax notoginseng. It is a mycotoxic intermediate in the pathway to aflatoxin B1. It displays antifungal activity against Fusariumsolani (pathogenic fungus of P. notoginseng) with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 16-32 ug/mL. It also shows antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 16-32 ug/mL.

20-Hydroxyaflavinine is produced by the strain of Aspergillus flavus, and is isolated from the crude extract of the ascomycete fungus. It is a tremorgenic mycotoxin with insecticidal and antifeedant effects.

Paspalinine is a tremorgenic mycotoxin extracted from the fermentation broth of Aspergillus flavus OUCMDZ-2205. It can inhibit the combination of [125I]charybdotoxin (ChTX) to maxi-K channels in bovine aortic smooth muscle sarcolemmal membranes. It displays tremorgenic action due in part to their inhibition of GABAA receptor function. It shows insecticidal properties.

Dihydroxyaflavinine is a metabolite of Aspergillus flavus and is a fungal toxin. It inhibits non-competitively GABAA receptor channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes. It displays oral toxicity to the corn earworm (Heliothis zea) and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda).

Fumitremorgin B is a natural compound isolated from the fermentation broth of Aspergillus fumigatus LN-4. Fumitremorgin B is a tremorgenic mycotoxin that is active against the phytopathogenic fungi. It has antifeedant activity against armyworm (M. separata) larvae when applied to fresh wheat leaves.