Mycotoxins

Destruxin B, a cyclic hexadepsipeptide mycotoxin obtained from entomopathogenic fungi that has been found to exhibit insecticidal and phytotoxic effects and also be useful in studies of human non-small cell lung cancer.

Harzianum A is a metabolite isolated from Trichoderma harzianum that exhibits antifungal properties. It is cytotoxic to human cancer cell lines.

The 2 ppm acetonitrile solution of aflatoxicol, a metabolite of aflatoxin, could be commonly used as a standard solution.

The dominant analogue of a family of tetraene mycotoxins with potent neurotoxic effects, produced by several species of aspergillus and penicillium. It inhibits mitochondrial ATPase and is a causative agent of cardiac beriberi.

Cercosporamide, a natural antifungal phytotoxin produced by Cercosporidium sp. MST-FP1899, has been found to be a selective Mnk inhibitor and shows probable antileukemic effects.

An unusual spirodihydrobenzofuranlactam mycotoxin isolated from Stachybotrys sp. It shows immunosuppressant and weak HIV protease activity and shows diverse activity including antiviral, endothelin and pancreatic cholesterase inhibition.

α-Zearalenol-[d5] is a labelled impurity of Zearalenol. Zearalenol, a resorcylic acid lactones derivative, could be produced by Fusarium fungi in grains and has been found to be an environmental contaminant.

A minor analogue metabolite of pestalotin isolated from penicillium decumbens. It is phytotoxic against evening primrose, prickly sida, johnsongrass, morning glory, lambsquarter and A. abla.

Fumonisin B3 is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme which is the most commonly reported fungal species infecting maize. Fumonisins acts as an inhibitor of ceramide synthase (sphingosine N-acyltransferase).

Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin produced by several species of aspergillus. It is structurally related to the aflatoxins. It is mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic and is less widespread and potent than Aflatoxin. It inhibits acyl-CoA. It is a cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) with selectivity for the ACAT2 isoenzyme.

A tremorgenic mycotoxin isolated from penicillium species. It is a selective blocker of high-conductance ca2+-activated potassium channels.

Ascochin is a fungal metabolite found in Ascochyta, which has antifungal, antibacterial and phytotoxic activities.

Aspochracin is a cyclic tripeptide isolated from Aspergillus first. Aspochracin is toxic to caught worms (LD50 = 100 µg/g) and silkworms.

Bassianin is a fungal metabolite isolated from Beauveria bassiana. Bassianin is cytotoxic to Sf9 and Sf21 insect cells with 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values of 4.91 and 12.12 µM, respectively.

Citreoindole is a diketopiperazine metabolite isolated from a hybrid cell fusion of two strains of P. citreovirde that is cytotoxic in vitro against HeLa cells at 8.4 μM.

Curvulinic acid is a phytotoxin isolated from C. siddiqui.

Deacetyl 19,20-epoxycytochalasin Q is a cytotoxic agent obtained from Xylaria obovata, which is a plant growth regulator.

Phomopsinamine is a potent mycotoxin and an effective microtubule inhibitor produced by the fungus, Phomopsis leptostromiformis. Phomopsinamine is formed by hydrolysis of the dicarboxylic acid of phomopsin A.

It is a tremorgenic mycotoxin produced by the strain of Penicillium Janthinellum.

It is an ichthyotoxin produced by the strain of Caulerpa flexilis.